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| Kwalliso | |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 관리소 |
|---|---|
| Hancha | |
| Revised Romanization | gwanliso |
| McCune–Reischauer | kwalliso |
| Part of a series on |
| Human rights in North Korea |
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Kwalliso (Korean: 관리소, Korean pronunciation: [kwa̠ʎʎisʰo̞]) or kwan-li-so is the term for political penal labor and rehabilitation colonies in North Korea. They constitute one of three forms of political imprisonment in the country, the other two being what Washington DC–based NGO Committee for Human Rights in North Korea[1] described as "short-term detention/forced-labor centers"[2] and "long-term prison labor camps",[3] for misdemeanor and felony offenses respectively.[1]
Durations of imprisonment are variable. However, many are condemned to labor for their whole life. Forced labor duties within kwalliso typically include work in mines (known examples including coal, gold, and iron ore), tree felling, timber cutting, or agricultural duties. Furthermore, camps contain state run prison farms and furniture manufacturing.
Estimates suggest that at the start of 2007, a total of six kwalliso camps were operating within the country. Despite fourteen kwalliso camps originally operating within North Korea, these later merged or were closed following the reallocation of prisoners.[4] Kwalliso gained yet more international attention when Otto Warmbier, an American college student, was jailed in a kwalliso and died very shortly after release. [citation needed]
- ^ a b Hawk, David. "The Hidden Gulag – Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ Korean: 집결소; Hancha: 集結所; RR: jipgyeolso; MR: chipkyŏlso, literally "place(s) of gathering"
- ^ Korean: 교화소; Hancha: 敎化所; RR: gyohwaso; MR: kyohwaso, literally "place(s) of reeducation"
- ^ Hawk, David. "Concentrations of Inhumanity" (PDF). Freedom House. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.