Kyrgyz Republic | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: Кыргыз Республикасынын Мамлекеттик гимни (Kyrgyz) National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic | |
.svg) Location of Kyrgyzstan (dark green) | |
| Capital and largest city | Bishkek 42°52′N 74°36′E / 42.867°N 74.600°E |
| Official languages | |
| Official script | Cyrillic |
| Ethnic groups (2024)[2] | |
| Religion (2021)[3] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstani[4] |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
| Sadyr Japarov | |
| Akylbek Japarov | |
| Nurlanbek Shakiev | |
| Legislature | Supreme Council |
| Formation History | |
| 539 | |
| 1876 | |
| 14 October 1924 | |
| 11 February 1926 | |
| 5 December 1936 | |
| 30 December 1990 | |
| 31 August 1991 | |
| 26 December 1991 | |
| 11 April 2021 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 200,105[6] km2 (77,261 sq mi) (85th) |
• Water | 7,198 km2 (2,779 sq mi) |
• Water (%) | 3.6 |
| Population | |
• 2024 estimate | 7,213,455[7] (107th[8]) |
• Density | 37/km2 (95.8/sq mi) (109th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $48.054 billion[9] (129th) |
• Per capita | $6,790[10] (139th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $13.599 billion[citation needed] (140th) |
• Per capita | $1,922[10] (152nd) |
| Gini (2020) |  29.0[11]low inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.701[12] high (117th) |
| Currency | Kyrgyzstani som (c) (KGS) |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (KGT) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Drives on | right |
| Calling code | +996 |
| ISO 3166 code | KG |
| Internet TLD | .kg |
Kyrgyzstan,[a] officially the Kyrgyz Republic,[b][13] is a landlocked country in eastern Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast.[14][15][16] Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's over 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.[17]
Kyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road along with other commercial routes. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under larger domination, for example the Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states. It was first established as the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate. Later, in the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongol Empire and under several Mongol dynasties; it regained independence, but was later invaded by the Dzungar Khanate. After the fall of Dzhungars, Kyrgyz and Kipchaks were an integral part of Kokand Khanate. In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. Following Mikhail Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
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After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic. After the Tulip Revolution it became a unitary parliamentary republic; however, it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Throughout its existence, the country has continued to endure ethnic conflicts,[18][19] revolts,[20] economic troubles,[21][22] transitional governments[23] and political conflict.[24]
Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organisation of Turkic States, the Türksoy community and the United Nations. It is a developing country ranked 117th in the Human Development Index, and is the second poorest country in Central Asia after neighbouring Tajikistan. The country's transitional economy is heavily dependent on deposits of gold, coal and uranium.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan's Constitution of 2010 with Amendments through 2016" (PDF). Constitute Project. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Statistical Yearbook of the Kyrgyz Republic - Publications Archive - Statistics of the Kyrgyz Republic".
- ^ "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kyrgyz Republic". United States Department of State. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- ^ "Definition of Kyrgyzstani noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.
- ^ "History of Central Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ "Безусловно, это победа! Площадь Кыргызстана достигла 20 млн гектаров". 18 November 2022.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan Population (2024) - Worldometer". 1 October 2024.
- ^ "Краткий статистический справочник «Кыргызстан»".
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, March 2024 Edition. (Kyrgyzstan)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ a b "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Kyrgyzstan)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Kyrgyz Republic". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic states: "1. Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic)...". "2021-жылдын 5-майындагы Кыргыз Республикасынын Конституциясы (2021-жылдын 11-апрелиндеги референдумда (бүткүл элдик добуш берүүдө) кабыл алынган".
- ^ "Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic". CIS Legislation. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan Constitution" (PDF). Constitution Net. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ "Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic" (PDF). Legislationline. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ "Total population by nationality - Open Data - Statistics of the Kyrgyz Republic". National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
- ^ "Investigating Kyrgyzstan's ethnic violence: Bloody business". The Economist. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Foreigners in Kyrgyzstan: 'Will We Be Banned, Too?'". Eurasianet. EurasiaNet.org. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Pro-Government Election Victory Sparks Overnight Revolution in Kyrgyzstan". OCCRP. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan: Economy globalEDGE: Your source for Global Business Knowledge". Globaledge.msu.edu. 20 December 1998. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Kyrgyz Republic Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption". Heritage.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "BBC News – Kyrgyzstan profile – Timeline". Bbc.co.uk. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Kyrgyz Unrest". EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
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