Ladyzhenskaya's inequality

In mathematics, Ladyzhenskaya's inequality is any of a number of related functional inequalities named after the Soviet Russian mathematician Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya. The original such inequality, for functions of two real variables, was introduced by Ladyzhenskaya in 1958 to prove the existence and uniqueness of long-time solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations in two spatial dimensions (for smooth enough initial data). There is an analogous inequality for functions of three real variables, but the exponents are slightly different; much of the difficulty in establishing existence and uniqueness of solutions to the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations stems from these different exponents. Ladyzhenskaya's inequality is one member of a broad class of inequalities known as interpolation inequalities.

Let ${\displaystyle \Omega }$ be a Lipschitz domain in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ for ${\displaystyle n=2{\text{ or }}3}$ and let ${\displaystyle u:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }$ be a weakly differentiable function that vanishes on the boundary of ${\displaystyle \Omega }$ in the sense of trace (that is, ${\displaystyle u}$ is a limit in the Sobolev space ${\displaystyle H^{1}(\Omega )}$ of a sequence of smooth functions that are compactly supported in ${\displaystyle \Omega }$). Then there exists a constant ${\displaystyle C}$ depending only on ${\displaystyle \Omega }$ such that, in the case ${\displaystyle n=2}$:

${\displaystyle \|u\|_{L^{4}}\leq C\|u\|_{L^{2}}^{1/2}\|\nabla u\|_{L^{2}}^{1/2}}$

and in the case ${\displaystyle n=3}$:

${\displaystyle \|u\|_{L^{4}}\leq C\|u\|_{L^{2}}^{1/4}\|\nabla u\|_{L^{2}}^{3/4}}$