Landheer

In the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), a Landheer (Dutch for 'landlord'; plural, Landheeren) was the lord or owner of a particuliere landerij, a private domain in a feudal system of land tenure used in parts of the colony.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Dutch jurists described the legal jurisdiction of a Landheer over his domain as ‘sovereign’ and comparable to that of the rulers of indirectly ruled princely states in the Indies.[3] By law, the Landheer possessed landsheerlijke rechten or hak-hak ketuanan [seigniorial jurisdiction] over the inhabitants of his domain — jurisdiction exercised elsewhere by the central government.[7][8][5]

The Landheer's country seat on his domain was called a Landhuis or Rumah Kongsi.[9][10] In this context, 'Kongsi' meant 'Lord' or 'his Lordship', and was a title used by the Chinese Landheeren, who were invariably scions of the Cabang Atas gentry.[11]

  1. ^ Kropveld, D. C. J. H. (1911). The Laws of Netherland East India Relating to Land: Being a Short Exposition of Their Leading Principles and Chief Provisions, and an Explanation of Dutch Terms, with Chapters on Netherland East India and Its Laws in General and on Dutch East Indian Mining Law. Stevens. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  2. ^ Anderson, Benedict Richard O'Gorman (2006). Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 978-979-3780-14-6. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b Cribb, Robert (2008). Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution, 1945-1949. Singapore: Equinox Publishing. ISBN 978-979-3780-71-9. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  4. ^ Creutzberg, P. (2012). Indonesia's Export Crops 1816–1940. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-011-6437-5. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  5. ^ a b Nola, Luthvi Febryka (November 2013). [jurnal.dpr.go.id "Sengketa Tanah Partikelir"]. Jurnal DPR RI. 4 (2): 183–196. Retrieved 15 July 2020. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  6. ^ Kahin, Audrey (2015). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7456-5. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  7. ^ Gautama, Sudargo; Harsono, Budi (1972). Agrarian Law. Lembaga Penelitian Hukum dan Kriminologi, Universitas Padjadjaran. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  8. ^ Indonesia Circle. Indonesia Circle, School of Oriental and African Studies. 1996. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  9. ^ Milone, Pauline Dublin (1967). "Indische Culture, and Its Relationship to Urban Life". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 9 (4): 407–426. doi:10.1017/S0010417500004618. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 177686.
  10. ^ Heuken, Adolf (2007). Historical Sites of Jakarta. Cipta Loka Caraka. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  11. ^ Salmon, Claudine (2006). "Women's Social Status as Reflected in Chinese Epigraphs from Insulinde (16th-20th Centuries)". Archipel. 72 (1): 157–194. doi:10.3406/arch.2006.4030.