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The legality of cannabis for medical and recreational use varies by country, in terms of its possession, distribution, and cultivation, and (in regards to medical) how it can be consumed and what medical conditions it can be used for. These policies in most countries are regulated by three United Nations treaties: the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.[1][2] Cannabis was reclassified in 2020 to a Schedule I-only drug under the Single Convention treaty (from being a Schedule I and IV drug previously), with the schedules from strictest to least being IV, I, II, and III.[3][4] As a Schedule I drug under the treaty, countries can allow the medical use of cannabis but it is considered to be an addictive drug with a serious risk of abuse.[4][5]
The use of cannabis for recreational purposes is prohibited in most countries; however, many have adopted a policy of decriminalization to make simple possession a non-criminal offense (often similar to a minor traffic violation). Others have much more severe penalties such as some Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries where possession of even small amounts is punished by imprisonment for several years.[6] Countries that have legalized recreational use of cannabis are Canada, Georgia, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, and Uruguay, plus 24 states, 3 territories, and the District of Columbia in the United States and the Australian Capital Territory in Australia. Commercial sale of recreational cannabis is legalized nationwide in three countries (Canada, Thailand, and Uruguay) and in all subnational U.S. jurisdictions that have legalized possession except Virginia and Washington, D.C. A policy of limited enforcement has also been adopted in many countries, in particular the Netherlands where the sale of cannabis is tolerated at licensed coffeeshops.[7]
Countries that have legalized medical use of cannabis include Albania, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Others have more restrictive laws that allow only the use of certain cannabis-derived pharmaceuticals, such as Sativex, Marinol, or Epidiolex.[8] In the United States, 38 states, 4 territories, and the District of Columbia have legalized the medical use of cannabis, but at the federal level its use remains prohibited.[9]
- ^ Habibi, Roojin; Hoffman, Steven J. (March 2018). "Legalizing Cannabis Violates the UN Drug Control Treaties, But Progressive Countries Like Canada Have Options". Ottawa Law Review. 49 (2). Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
- ^ Bewley-Taylor, David; Jelsma, Martin; Rolles, Steve; Walsh, John (June 2016), Cannabis regulation and the UN drug treaties (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020, retrieved 22 July 2018
- ^ Chappell, Bill (2 December 2020). "U.N. Commission Removes Cannabis From Its Most Strict Drug Control List". NPR. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Classification of controlled drugs". European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ^ Kwai, Isabella (2 December 2020). "U.N. Reclassifies Cannabis as a Less Dangerous Drug". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ^ Powell, Burgess (24 February 2018). "The 7 Countries with the Strictest Weed Laws". High Times. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ Haines, Gavin (21 February 2017). "Everything you need to know about marijuana smoking in the Netherlands". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
- ^ Ruddick, Graham (11 April 2011). "GW signs Sativex cannabis-based drug deal with Novartis". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ^ "State Medical Marijuana Laws". National Conference of State Legislatures. 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2019.