Levulinic acid

Levulinic acid^[1]
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 4-Oxopentanoic acid
	Other names Levulinic acid, β-Acetylpropionic acid, 3-Acetopropionic acid, β-acetylpropionic acid, γ-ketovaleric acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	123-76-2 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:45630 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1235931 ;
ChemSpider	11091 ;
DrugBank	DB02239 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.004.228
PubChem CID	11579;
UNII	RYX5QG61EI ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8021648 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H8O3/c1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8) Key: JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C5H8O3/c1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8) Key: JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYAR;
	SMILES CC(=O)CCC(=O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C5H8O3
Molar mass	116.11 g/mol
Density	1.1447 g/cm3
Melting point	33 to 35 °C (91 to 95 °F; 306 to 308 K)
Boiling point	245 to 246 °C (473 to 475 °F; 518 to 519 K)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH₃C(O)CH₂CH₂CO₂H. It is classified as a keto acid. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels,^[2] such as ethyl levulinate.^[3]

^ The Merck Index, 15th Ed. (2013), p. 1018, Monograph 5526, O'Neil: The Royal Society of Chemistry. Available online at: http://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/monograph/mono1500005526
^ Biorefineries – Industrial Processes and Products. Status Quo and Future Directions. Vol. 1, Edited by Birgit Kamm, Patrick R. Gruber, Michael Kamm. 2006, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim. ISBN 3-527-31027-4
^ Leal Silva, Jean Felipe; Grekin, Rebecca; Mariano, Adriano Pinto; Maciel Filho, Rubens (2018). "Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes". Energy Technology. 6 (4): 613–639. doi:10.1002/ente.201700594. ISSN 2194-4296.

[1] The Merck Index, 15th Ed. (2013), p. 1018, Monograph 5526, O'Neil: The Royal Society of Chemistry. Available online at: http://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/monograph/mono1500005526

[2] Biorefineries – Industrial Processes and Products. Status Quo and Future Directions. Vol. 1, Edited by Birgit Kamm, Patrick R. Gruber, Michael Kamm. 2006, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim. ISBN 3-527-31027-4

[3] Leal Silva, Jean Felipe; Grekin, Rebecca; Mariano, Adriano Pinto; Maciel Filho, Rubens (2018). "Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes". Energy Technology. 6 (4): 613–639. doi:10.1002/ente.201700594. ISSN 2194-4296.

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