Liberators' civil war

Liberators' civil war
Part of the Crisis of the Roman Republic
Map
The Battle of Philippi
Date43–42 BC
Location
Macedonia
Result

Triumvir victory

Belligerents
Triumvirs
Supported by:
Ptolemaic Egypt		 Liberators
Supported by:
Parthian Empire[1]
Commanders and leaders
Octavian
Mark Antony
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus		 Brutus Executed
Cassius Executed
Units involved
  • Legio XXVII
  • Legio XXXVI
  • Legio XXXVII
  • Legio XXXI
  • Legio XXXIII
  • Others
Strength
53,000–108,000[2]
 60,000–105,000[2]
Casualties and losses
Total dead: 40,000[3]

The Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC) was started by the Second Triumvirate to avenge Julius Caesar's assassination. The war was fought by the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate members, or Triumvirs) against the forces of Caesar's assassins, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, referred to as the Liberatores. The latter were defeated by the Triumvirs at the Battle of Philippi[4] in October 42 BC,[5][6] and committed suicide.[7] Brutus committed suicide after the second part of the battle.[8][9][10]

  1. ^ Dahlheim, Werner (2010). Augustus: Aufrührer, Herrscher, Heiland. Eine Biographie (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 111. ISBN 9783406605932.
  2. ^ a b Goldsworthy 2010, p. 252.
  3. ^ Cartwright, Mark. "The Battle of Philippi 42 BCE". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
  4. ^ Crawford, Michael Hewson (1993). The Roman Republic. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-77927-3.
  5. ^ Shuckburgh, Evelyn Shirley (1903). Augustus: The Life and Times of the Founder of the Roman Empire [B.C. 63–A.D. 14]. T.F. Unwin.
  6. ^ Keppie, Lawrence (2002). The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-74603-3.
  7. ^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21007-1.
  8. ^ Sandys, Sir John Edwin (1921). A Companion to Latin Studies. University Press.
  9. ^ Appian (2006). The Civil Wars. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 978-1-4429-3538-9.
  10. ^ Byrd, Robert C. (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic: Addresses on the History of Roman Constitutionalism. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-058996-6.