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Pronunciation | Lidocaine: /ˈlaɪdəkeɪn/ LY-də-kayn[1][2] Lignocaine: /ˈlɪɡnəkeɪn/ LIG-nə-kayn |
Trade names | Xylocaine, Ztlido, others |
Other names | lignocaine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Local Monograph
Systemic Monograph Ophthalmic Professional Drug Facts |
MedlinePlus | a682701 |
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Routes of administration | Intravenous, subcutaneous, topical, by mouth |
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Bioavailability | 35% (by mouth) 3% (topical) |
Metabolism | Liver,[7] 90% CYP3A4-mediated |
Onset of action | Within 1.5 min (IV)[7] |
Elimination half-life | 1.5 h to 2 h |
Duration of action | 10 min to 20 min (IV),[7] 0.5 h to 3 h (local)[8][9] |
Excretion | Kidney[7] |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.821 |
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Formula | C14H22N2O |
Molar mass | 234.343 g·mol−1 |
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Melting point | 68 °C (154 °F) |
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Lidocaine, also known as lignocaine and sold under the brand name Xylocaine among others, is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type.[10] It is also used to treat ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.[7][8] When used for local anaesthesia or in nerve blocks, lidocaine typically begins working within several minutes and lasts for half an hour to three hours.[8][9] Lidocaine mixtures may also be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes to numb the area.[10][8] It is often used mixed with a small amount of adrenaline (epinephrine) to prolong its local effects and to decrease bleeding.[8]
If injected intravenously, it may cause cerebral effects such as confusion, changes in vision, numbness, tingling, and vomiting.[10][7] It can cause low blood pressure and an irregular heart rate.[7] There are concerns that injecting it into a joint can cause problems with the cartilage.[8] It appears to be generally safe for use in pregnancy.[7] A lower dose may be required in those with liver problems.[7] It is generally safe to use in those allergic to tetracaine or benzocaine.[8] Lidocaine is an antiarrhythmic medication of the class Ib type.[7] This means it works by blocking sodium channels and thus decreasing the rate of contractions of the heart.[10][7] When injected near nerves, the nerves cannot conduct signals to or from the brain.[8]
Lidocaine was discovered in 1946 and went on sale in 1948.[11] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12] It is available as a generic medication.[8][13] In 2021, it was the 267th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.[14][15]