Genus of horseshoe crab relatives
Limuloides is a genus of synziphosurine , a paraphyletic group of fossil chelicerate arthropods .[ 1] [ 2] Limuloides was regarded as part of the clade Planaterga .[ 1] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 2] [ 6] Fossils of the genus have been discovered in deposits of the Silurian period in the United Kingdom and potentially in the United States . Limuloides is one of the two genera of the family Bunodidae , the other being the type genus Bunodes .[ 1] [ 7] [ 6] Limuloides is characterized by a carapace with radiated ridges and serrated lateral regions, and an opisthosoma with rows of nodes.[ 8] [ 1] Limuloides was once thought to have lateral compound eyes on its carapace, but later investigation did not find any evidence of it.[ 9]
^ a b c d Lamsdell, James C. (2013). "Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 167 (1): 1–27. doi :10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x . ISSN 0024-4082 .
^ a b Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020). "Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida" . Frontiers in Earth Science . 8 : 98. Bibcode :2020FrEaS...8...98B . doi :10.3389/feart.2020.00098 . ISSN 2296-6463 .
^ Selden, Paul A.; Lamsdell, James C.; Qi, Liu (2015). "An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China" . Zoologica Scripta . 44 (6): 645–652. doi :10.1111/zsc.12124 . ISSN 0300-3256 . S2CID 55264483 .
^ Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015). "A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids" . The Science of Nature . 102 (9–10): 63. Bibcode :2015SciNa.102...63L . doi :10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5 . ISSN 0028-1042 . PMID 26391849 . S2CID 8153035 .
^ Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Lustri, Lorenzo; Brougham, Tom (2019-12-01). "Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA". Comptes Rendus Palevol . 18 (8): 967–976. doi :10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002 . ISSN 1631-0683 .
^ a b Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2020). "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives" (PDF) . World Spider Catalog . Natural History Museum Bern . pp. 1–296.
^ Clarke, John Mason (1924). "A hemiaspidan crustacean from the New York Silurian waterlimes" . New York State Museum Bulletin . 254 : 119–120.
^ Eldredge, Niles; Smith, LeGrande (1974). "Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny. American Museum novitates ; no. 2543" . hdl :2246/2745 .
^ Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Amati, Lisa; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019-11-14). "New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 187 (4): 1061–1077. doi :10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065 . ISSN 0024-4082 .