| Flowering plant families (APG IV) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Early-diverging flowering plants | |||||
| Monocots: Alismatids • Commelinids • Lilioids | |||||
|
|
|||||
Eudicots
|
The COM clade consists of, and is named for, three orders of flowering plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales and Malpighiales.[a] A subgroup of the rosids, it is divided into 45 families of trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous perennials and annuals.[4][5]
Coca leaves, containing small amounts of cocaine, have been chewed as a stimulant for thousands of years in the Andes.[6] Cassava crops provide a substantial source of carbohydrates in the tropics.[7] Bruguiera, Rhizophora and other mangroves are planted to protect coasts from storms and to anchor beach sand.[8] A single rootstock that supports a grove of quaking aspen may be the world's oldest living individual plant, at around 80,000 years.[9] Hybrids of the wild pansy (Viola tricolor) and other species of the violet family are grown as ornamentals, even in temperate winters.[10]
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
- ^ POWO.
- ^ Stevens 2023, Summary of APG IV.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 292–341.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 305–306.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 332–336.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 304–305.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 329–330.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 324–325.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).