| History of South Asia |
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The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300–1300 BCE. It covered much of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast Afghanistan.[1] Over 1400 Indus Valley civilisation sites have been discovered,[2] of which 925 sites are in India and 475 in Pakistan.[3][4] Only 40 sites on the Indus valley had been discovered in the pre-Partition era[5] by archaeologists.
The most widely known Indus Valley sites are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa; Mohenjo-daro is located in modern-day Sindh, while Harappa is in Pakistani Punjab.[6] in British India, around 1,100 (80%) sites are located on the plains between the rivers Ganges and Indus.[3] The oldest-known site of the Indus Valley Civilization, Bhirrana,[7] and the largest site, Rakhigarhi,[8] are located in the Indian state of Haryana. More than 90% of the inscribed objects and seals that were discovered were found at ancient urban centres along the Indus river in Pakistan, mainly in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.[9][10] More than 50 IVC burial sites have been found, including at Rakhigarhi (first site with genetic testing), Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Farmana, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Mehrgarh, Banawali, Alamgirpur and Chanhudaro .[11]
- ^ Henri-Paul Francfort, Fouilles de Shortughai, Recherches sur L'Asie Centrale Protohistorique, Paris, pl. 75, no. 7
- ^ McIntosh 2008, p. 39.
- ^ a b Malik, Malti Dr (2016). History of India. New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-7335-498-4.
- ^ Malik, Malti Dr (2016). History of India. New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-7335-498-4.
About 1400 sites associated with this civilisation have come into light till date. Of these about 925 sites are in India and rest of them are in Pakistan.
- ^ Malik, Dr Malti. History of India. New Saraswati House India Pvt. ISBN 978-81-7335-498-4.
- ^ "Indus River Valley civilizations (Article)".
- ^ "Excavation Bhirrana". Excavation Branch-I Nagpur. Archaeological Survey of India.
- ^ Subramanian, T. S. (27 March 2014). "Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ Iravatham Mahadevan, 1977, The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables, pp. 6-7
- ^ Upinder Singh, 2008, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, p. 169
- ^ Astha Dibyopama, Yong Jun Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Dong Hoon Shin, Vasant Shinde, 2015,[1], Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-9.