Mir (Russian: Мир, IPA: [ˈmʲir]; lit. Peace or World) was a Soviet and later Russian space station, operational in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001. With a mass greater than that of any previous space station, Mir was constructed from 1986 to 1996 with a modular design, the first to be assembled in this way. The station was the largest artificial satellite orbiting the Earth until its deorbit on 21 March 2001, a record now surpassed by the International Space Station (ISS). Mir served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems in order to develop technologies required for the permanent occupation of space.[1][2]
Following the success of the Salyut programme, Mir represented the next stage in the Soviet Union's space station programme. The first module of the station, known as the core module or base block, was launched in 1986, and was followed by six further modules (Kvant-1 (1987), Kvant-2 (1989), Kristall (1990), Spektr (1995), the docking module (1995) and Priroda (1996)), all launched by Proton rockets (with the exception of the docking module). When complete, the station consisted of seven pressurised modules and several unpressurised components. Power was provided by several solar arrays mounted directly on the modules. The station was maintained at an orbit between 296 km (184 mi) and 421 km (262 mi) altitude and travelled at an average speed of 27,700 km/h (17,200 mph), completing 15.7 Earth orbits per day.[2][3][4]
Spacewalks (Extra-vehicular activities, or EVAs) in support of the operation of the station were major events in the assembly and maintenance of the orbital laboratory. EVAs were performed to install new components onto the station, to repair and replace various experiments, systems and equipment, and to install, monitor and retrieve scientific experiments. The first EVA carried out at Mir was held on 11 April 1987, when EO-2 crewmembers Yury Romanenko and Aleksandr Laveykin assisted in the docking of the Kvant-1 module. The longest EVA was performed on 17 July 1990, when EO-6 crewmembers Anatoly Solovyev and Aleksandr Balandin left the station to repair their spacecraft, Soyuz TM-9, then encountered difficulties shutting the airlock hatch upon their return. The total time for that spacewalk was seven hours and sixteen minutes, close to the absolute limit of their Orlan-DMA spacesuits.[5][6]
In total, eighty EVAs were conducted around Mir from 1987 to 2000. Sixty-three EVAs were conducted from Kvant-2's airlock, fifteen from the core module's docking node (of which three were so-called 'intravehicular activities', or IVAs, within Spektr), and two from the airlock of the Space Shuttle Atlantis.[2]
| Contents |
|---|
| 1987 · 1988 · 1989 · 1990 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1994 · 1995 · 1996 · 1997 · 1998 · 1999 · 2000 |
† denotes EVAs performed from the core module's docking node.
‡ denotes EVAs performed from the airlock of the Space Shuttle Atlantis.
All other EVAs were performed from the airlock in Kvant-2.
EVAs conducted during different principal expeditions (EO, Russian: экспедиция основная, lit. mission primary) are separated by a wide blue line. Space Shuttle missions (STS) are not separated from the expedition during which they took place.
| # | Mission | Spacewalkers | Start (UTC) | End (UTC) | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | EO-2 EVA 1 † |
Yury Romanenko Aleksandr Laveykin |
11 April 1987 19:41 |
11 April 1987 23:21 |
3 hours, 40 minutes | |
| Inspected the rear port of the core module following the failure of Kvant-1 to achieve a successful hard docking on 9 April and discovered a piece of debris left behind following the departure of Progress 28 on 27 March. This was removed, and the subsequent hard docking of the new module was observed.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 2 | EO-2 EVA 2 † |
Yury Romanenko Aleksandr Laveykin |
12 June 1987 16:55 |
12 June 1987 18:48 |
1-hour, 53 minutes | |
| Installed the first part of a new solar array, delivered by Kvant-1, into a motor mount on the dorsal surface of the core module.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 3 | EO-2 EVA 3 † |
Yury Romanenko Aleksandr Laveykin |
16 June 1987 15:30 |
16 June 1987 18:45 |
3 hours, 15 minutes | |
| Installed the second part of the new solar array on the core module, installed the array's power cables and affixed sample exposure cassettes to the exterior of the station.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 4 | EO-3 EVA 1 † |
Vladimir Titov Musa Manarov |
26 February 1988 09:00 |
26 February 1988 13:25 |
4 hours, 25 minutes | |
| Replaced a segment of the core module's dorsal solar array with a new one which produced telemetry to allow the gradual degradation in the efficiency of the array to be monitored and inspected the exterior of the station.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 5 | EO-3 EVA 2 † |
Vladimir Titov Musa Manarov |
30 June 1988 05:33 |
30 June 1988 10:43 |
5 hours, 10 minutes | |
| Began repair of an X-ray telescope on Kvant-1 by opening the thermal insulation covering it and exposing the part requiring replacement. Repair was halted after the tool designed to remove the failed part from the telescope broke.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 6 | EO-3 EVA 3 † |
Vladimir Titov Musa Manarov |
20 October 1988 05:59 |
20 October 1988 10:11 |
4 hours, 12 minutes | |
| Completed the repair of the X-ray telescope begun on the previous EVA and affixed a mount near the core module's docking node for the French Era experiment. First use of new Orlan-DMA spacesuit.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 7 | EO-4 EVA 1 † |
Alexander Volkov Jean-Loup Chrétien |
9 December 1988 09:57 |
9 December 1988 15:57 |
6 hours, 0 minutes | |
| Installed French Echantillon exposure cassette and deployed, tested & jettisoned French Era truss experiment.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 8 | EO-5 EVA 1 † |
Alexander Viktorenko Aleksandr Serebrov |
8 January 1990 20:23 |
8 January 1990 23:19 |
2 hours, 56 minutes | |
| Installed two star trackers on the exterior of Kvant-1 to assist the station's attitude control.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 9 | EO-5 EVA 2 † |
Alexander Viktorenko Aleksandr Serebrov |
11 January 1990 18:01 |
11 January 1990 20:55 |
2 hours, 54 minutes | |
| Retrieved the Echantillon cassette, dismantled the Era mount, installed exposure cassettes on the exterior of the station and reconfigured the docking apparatus in the core module's docking node in preparation for the arrival of Kristall.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 10 | EO-5 EVA 3 |
Alexander Viktorenko Aleksandr Serebrov |
26 January 1990 12:09 |
26 January 1990 15:11 |
3 hours, 2 minutes | |
| First EVA from Kvant-2's airlock. Affixed a mount just outside the airlock for the Ikar cosmonaut manoeuvring unit, dismantled the module's now redundant Kurs antenna, installed exposure cassettes and erected Kvant-2's scan platform.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 11 | EO-5 EVA 4 |
Alexander Viktorenko Aleksandr Serebrov |
1 February 1990 08:15 |
1 February 1990 13:14 |
4 hours, 59 minutes | |
| First test of the Ikar cosmonaut manoeuvring unit.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 12 | EO-5 EVA 5 |
Alexander Viktorenko Aleksandr Serebrov |
5 February 1990 06:08 |
5 February 1990 09:53 |
3 hours, 45 minutes | |
| Second test of the Ikar cosmonaut manoeuvring unit.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 13 | EO-6 EVA 1 |
Anatoly Solovyev Aleksandr Balandin |
17 July 1990 13:06 |
17 July 1990 20:22 |
7 hours, 16 minutes | |
| Conducted repairs to the insulation of the damaged Soyuz TM-9. Found that the airlock hatch was damaged and would not shut when the EVA was concluded, so the back-up secondary airlock in Kvant-2 was used.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 14 | EO-6 EVA 2 |
Anatoly Solovyev Aleksandr Balandin |
26 July 1990 11:15 |
26 July 1990 14:46 |
3 hours, 31 minutes | |
| Inspected airlock hatch, stowed equipment used during the repair of Soyuz TM-9 on the previous EVA, and managed, with a great deal of manual effort, to close the damaged airlock hatch.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 15 | EO-7 EVA 1 |
Gennadi Manakov Gennadi Strekalov |
30 October 1990 21:45 |
31 October 1990 01:33 |
3 hours, 48 minutes | |
| Attempted to repair the damaged Kvant-2 airlock hatch, discovered that the hinge required replacement.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 16 | EO-8 EVA 1 |
Viktor Afanasyev Musa Manarov |
7 January 1991 17:03 |
7 January 1991 22:21 |
5 hours, 18 minutes | |
| Conducted successful repair of Kvant-2's airlock hatch, affixed a mount onto the core module, retrieved exposure cassettes and removed a camera from Kvant-2's scan platform.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 17 | EO-8 EVA 2 |
Viktor Afanasyev Musa Manarov |
23 January 1991 10:59 |
23 January 1991 16:32 |
5 hours, 33 minutes | |
| Installed a Strela crane on the mount affixed on the previous EVA and retrieved exposure cassettes.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 18 | EO-8 EVA 3 |
Viktor Afanasyev Musa Manarov |
26 January 1991 09:00 |
26 January 1991 15:20 |
6 hours, 20 minutes | |
| Affixed two mounts to Kvant-1 in preparation for the relocation of Kristall's solar arrays, set up a laser rangefinder on Kristall for use by Buran shuttles and installed the Sprut-5 spectrometer on the exterior of Kvant-2.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 19 | EO-8 EVA 4 |
Viktor Afanasyev Musa Manarov |
25 April 1991 20:29 |
26 April 1991 00:03 |
3 hours, 34 minutes | |
| Inspected a faulty Kurs antenna on Kvant-1, retrieved exposure cassettes, replaced the camera removed on their first EVA from Kvant-2's scan platform and tested a prototype thermomechanical joint near the airlock.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 20 | EO-9 EVA 1 |
Anatoly Artsebarsky Sergei Krikalev |
24 June 1991 21:11 |
25 June 1991 02:09 |
4 hours, 58 minutes | |
| Repaired the broken Kurs antenna on Kvant-1 and installed a prototype thermomechanical joint.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 21 | EO-9 EVA 2 |
Anatoly Artsebarsky Sergei Krikalev |
28 June 1991 19:02 |
28 June 1991 22:26 |
3 hours, 24 minutes | |
| Installed the University of California's TREK cosmic ray detector on Kvant-2 and retrieved the prototype thermomechanical joint installed on the previous EVA.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 22 | EO-9 EVA 3 |
Anatoly Artsebarsky Sergei Krikalev |
15 July 1991 11:45 |
15 July 1991 17:41 |
5 hours, 56 minutes | |
| Installed a work platform on Kvant-1 in preparation for the installation of the Sofora truss.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 23 | EO-9 EVA 4 |
Anatoly Artsebarsky Sergei Krikalev |
19 July 1991 11:10 |
19 July 1991 16:38 |
5 hours, 28 minutes | |
| Installed the base plate and first three segments of the Sofora truss on Kvant-1.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 24 | EO-9 EVA 5 |
Anatoly Artsebarsky Sergei Krikalev |
23 July 1991 09:15 |
23 July 1991 14:57 |
5 hours, 42 minutes | |
| Continued the assembly of the Sofora truss on Kvant-1.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 25 | EO-9 EVA 6 |
Anatoly Artsebarsky Sergei Krikalev |
27 July 1991 08:44 |
27 July 1991 15:33 |
6 hours, 49 minutes | |
| Completed the assembly of the Sofora truss on Kvant-1 and raised the Soviet flag on the far end.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 26 | EO-10 EVA 1 |
Alexander Volkov Sergei Krikalev |
20 February 1992 20:09 |
21 February 1992 00:21 |
4 hours, 12 minutes | |
| First EVA conducted following the collapse of the USSR. Retrieved the work platform installed on Kvant-1 prior to the construction of the Sofora truss, cleaned a TV camera lens on Kvant-1, retrieved the telemetered panel from the core module's dorsal solar array and retrieved exposure cassettes from around Kvant-2's airlock. During the initial stages of the EVA, the heat exchanger in Volkov's spacesuit failed and he relied on an umbilical from Kvant-2 for life support for the rest of the EVA.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 27 | EO-11 EVA 1 |
Aleksandr Viktorenko Aleksandr Kaleri |
8 July 1992 12:38 |
8 July 1992 14:41 |
2 hours, 3 minutes | |
| Installed two new gyrodynes on Kvant-2.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 28 | EO-12 EVA 1 |
Anatoly Solovyev Sergei Avdeyev |
3 September 1992 13:32 |
3 September 1992 17:28 |
3 hours, 56 minutes | |
| Prepared the Sofora truss and Progress M-14 for the installation of the VDU thruster block.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 29 | EO-12 EVA 2 |
Anatoly Solovyev Sergei Avdeyev |
7 September 1992 11:47 |
7 September 1992 16:55 |
5 hours, 8 minutes | |
| Configured the VDU thruster for installation, installed the thruster's umbilical on the Sofora truss and removed the Soviet flag from the truss.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 30 | EO-12 EVA 3 |
Anatoly Solovyev Sergei Avdeyev |
11 September 1992 10:06 |
11 September 1992 15:50 |
5 hours, 44 minutes | |
| Completed the installation of the VDU thruster block on the Sofora truss.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 31 | EO-12 EVA 4 |
Anatoly Solovyev Sergei Avdeyev |
15 September 1992 07:49 |
15 September 1992 11:22 |
3 hours, 33 minutes | |
| Installed a Kurs antenna on Kristall's APAS port and retrieved exposure cassettes.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 32 | EO-13 EVA 1 |
Gennadi Manakov Aleksandr Poleshchuk |
19 April 1993 17:15 |
19 April 1993 22:40 |
5 hours, 25 minutes | |
| Installed a solar array motor onto one of the mounts on Kvant-1 and discovered that one of the handles of the Strela crane was missing.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 33 | EO-13 EVA 2 |
Gennadi Manakov Aleksandr Poleshchuk |
18 June 1993 17:25 |
18 June 1993 21:58 |
4 hours, 33 minutes | |
| Installed a solar array motor onto the other mount fixed to Kvant-1 and replaced the missing handle on the Strela crane.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 34 | EO-14 EVA 1 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
16 September 1993 05:57 |
16 September 1993 10:16 |
4 hours, 18 minutes | |
| Affixed a second truss mount on Kvant-1 and attached a box containing the Rapana truss to it.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 35 | EO-14 EVA 2 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
20 September 1993 03:51 |
20 September 1993 07:05 |
3 hours, 14 minutes | |
| Assembled the Rapana truss on the mount attached to Kvant-1 on the previous EVA and installed new exposure cassettes.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 36 | EO-14 EVA 3 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
28 September 1993 00:57 |
28 September 1993 02:48 |
1-hour, 52 minutes | |
| Installed and retrieved exposure cassettes and began a video recording of the condition of the station's exterior.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 37 | EO-14 EVA 4 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
22 October 1993 15:47 |
22 October 1993 16:25 |
0 hours, 38 minutes | |
| Continued the video recording of the condition of the station's exterior and installed a meteoroid monitoring package.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 38 | EO-14 EVA 5 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
29 October 1993 13:38 |
29 October 1993 17:50 |
4 hours, 12 minutes | |
| Completed the video recording of the condition of the station's exterior, inspected the base of the Sofora truss and retrieved exposure cassettes.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 39 | EO-16 EVA 1 |
Yuri Malenchenko Talgat Musabayev |
9 September 1994 07:00 |
9 September 1994 12:06 |
5 hours, 4 minutes | |
| Inspected the front port of the core module following a collision with Progress M-24 and the exterior of Kristall following a collision with Soyuz TM-17. Affixed a mount to the core module to install a second Strela crane, and installed exposure cassettes.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 40 | EO-16 EVA 2 |
Yuri Malenchenko Talgat Musabayev |
13 September 1994 06:30 |
13 September 1994 12:32 |
6 hours, 1-minute | |
| Inspection of Kristall's solar arrays, the array mounts on Kvant-1 and the Sofora truss. Retrieved experiments from the Rapana truss.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 41 | EO-18 EVA 1 |
Vladimir Dezhurov Gennadi Strekalov |
12 May 1995 04:20 |
12 May 1995 10:35 |
6 hours, 14 minutes | |
| Retracted the left-side solar array of Kristall.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 42 | EO-18 EVA 2 |
Vladimir Dezhurov Gennadi Strekalov |
17 May 1995 02:38 |
17 May 1995 09:20 |
6 hours, 52 minutes | |
| Released the previously retracted solar array on Kristall, transferred it to Kvant-1 and attached it to the previously installed motor and mount on the left side of the module.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 43 | EO-18 EVA 3 |
Vladimir Dezhurov Gennadi Strekalov |
22 May 1995 00:10 |
22 May 1995 05:25 |
5 hours, 14 minutes | |
| Completed the installation of the solar array moved on the previous EVA, and partially retracted the remaining array on Kristall (the array could not be fully retracted as it jammed during the procedure).[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 44 | EO-18 EVA 4 † |
Vladimir Dezhurov Gennadi Strekalov |
28 May 1995 22:22 |
28 May 1995 22:43 |
0 hours, 21 minutes | |
| Reconfigured the core module's docking node for the relocation of Kristall.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 45 | EO-18 EVA 5 † |
Vladimir Dezhurov Gennadi Strekalov |
1 June 1995 22:05 |
1 June 1995 22:28 |
0 hours, 23 minutes | |
| Reconfigured the core module's docking node for the arrival of Spektr.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 46 | EO-19 EVA 1 |
Anatoly Solovyev Nikolai Budarin |
14 July 1995 03:56 |
14 July 1995 09:30 |
5 hours, 34 minutes | |
| Inspected a faulty solar array on Kvant-2, discovering that it had been fouled by EVA equipment. Released a jammed solar array on Spektr and inspected the right-side docking port on the core module's docking node.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 47 | EO-19 EVA 2 |
Anatoly Solovyev Nikolai Budarin |
19 July 1995, 00:39 |
19 July 1995, 03:47 |
3 hours, 8 minutes | |
| Prepared for the deployment of the Mir Infrared Spectrometer (MIRAS), retrieved exposure cassettes and the TREK cosmic-ray detector and installed new exposure cassettes. The cooling system in Solovyov's spacesuit failed almost immediately, and so he spent most of the EVA reliant on an umbilical from Kvant-2 for life support. Upon their return, difficulties were encountered again with the airlock hatch.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 48 | EO-19 EVA 3 |
Anatoly Solovyev Nikolai Budarin |
21 July 1995 00:28 |
21 July 1995 06:18 |
5 hours, 35 minutes | |
| Installed the Belgian-French Mir Infrared Spectrometer (MIRAS) and inspected Kristall's partially retracted solar array.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 49 | EO-20 EVA 1 |
Sergei Avdeyev Thomas Reiter |
20 October 1995 11:50 |
20 October 1995 17:06 |
5 hours, 16 minutes | |
| First EVA conducted by an ESA astronaut. Installed the European Space Exposure Facility (ESEF) on Spektr and exchanged the exposure cassette in the Komza experiment.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 50 | EO-20 EVA 2 † |
Yuri Gidzenko Sergei Avdeyev |
8 December 1995 19:23 |
8 December 1995 19:52 |
0 hours, 37 minutes | |
| Reconfigured the core module's docking node in preparation for the arrival of Priroda.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 51 | EO-20 EVA 3 |
Yuri Gidzenko Thomas Reiter |
8 February 1996 14:03 |
8 February 1996 17:08 |
3 hours, 6 minutes | |
| Remounted the Ikar cosmonaut manoeuvring unit outside the Kvant-2 airlock, exchanged cassettes on the European Space Exposure Facility (ESEF) and attempted to retrieve the redundant Kurs antenna on Kristall.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 52 | EO-21 EVA 1 |
Yury Onufriyenko Yury Usachov |
15 March 1996 01:04 |
15 March 1996 06:55 |
5 hours, 51 minutes | |
| Installed a second Strela crane on the right-hand side of the core module, and made preparations for the installation of the Mir Cooperative Solar Array (MCSA).[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 53 | STS-76 EVA 1 ‡ |
Michael Clifford Linda Godwin |
27 March 1996 06:34 |
27 March 1996 12:36 |
6 hours, 2 minutes, 28 seconds | |
| Mounted the Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP) to and retrieved a camera from the docking module.[2][7][8] | ||||||
| 54 | EO-21 EVA 2 |
Yury Onufriyenko Yury Usachov |
20 May 1996 22:50 |
21 May 1996 04:10 |
5 hours, 20 minutes | |
| Transferred the Mir Cooperative Solar Array (MCSA) from the docking module, mounted it to the motor attached to the right-hand side of Kvant-1 and inflated a model Pepsi can for a commercial.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 55 | EO-21 EVA 3 |
Yury Onufriyenko Yury Usachov |
24 May 1996 20:47 |
25 May 1996 02:30 |
5 hours, 34 minutes | |
| Extended the Mir Cooperative Solar Array (MCSA) installed onto Kvant-1 on the previous EVA.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 56 | EO-21 EVA 4 |
Yury Onufriyenko Yury Usachov |
30 May 1996 18:20 |
30 May 1996 22:40 |
4 hours, 20 minutes | |
| Installed the German Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral/Stereo Scanner (MOMS-2P) on Priroda and handrails on Kvant-2.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 57 | EO-21 EVA 5 |
Yury Onufriyenko Yury Usachov |
6 June 1996 16:56 |
6 June 1996 20:30 |
3 hours, 34 minutes | |
| Swapped the exposure cassettes in the Komza experiment and installed new micrometeoroid detectors on the exterior of the station.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 58 | EO-21 EVA 6 |
Yury Onufriyenko Yury Usachov |
13 June 1996 12:45 |
13 June 1996 18:27 |
5 hours, 42 minutes | |
| Dismantled the Rapana truss on Kvant-1 and erected the Strombus truss in its place, then completed the deployment of the TRAVERS radar antenna on Priroda following the failure of its automatic deployment mechanism.[1][2][5][7] | ||||||
| 59 | EO-22 EVA 1 |
Valery Korzun Aleksandr Kaleri |
2 December 1996 15:54 |
2 December 1996 21:52 |
5 hours, 57 minutes | |
| Began installation of cables to connect the Mir Cooperative Solar Array (MCSA) into the station's electrical system and redeployed the Rapana truss dismantled on the previous EVA on the far end of the Strombus truss.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 60 | EO-22 EVA 2 |
Valery Korzun Aleksandr Kaleri |
9 December 1996 13:50 |
9 December 1996 20:28 |
6 hours, 36 minutes | |
| Completed installation of cables to connect the Mir Cooperative Solar Array (MCSA) into the station's electrical system and transferred the Kurs antenna from Kristall to the docking module.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 61 | EO-23 EVA 1 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Jerry Linenger |
29 April 1997 05:10 |
29 April 1997 10:09 |
4 hours, 59 minutes | |
| Retrieved the Particle Impact Experiment (PIE) and Mir Sample Return Experiment (MSRE) packages, deployed the Advanced Materials Exposure Experiment (AMEE) and tested the Orlan-M spacesuit.[1][2][5][9][10] | ||||||
| 62 | EO-24 EVA 1 † |
Anatoly Solovyev Pavel Vinogradov |
22 August 1997 11:14 |
22 August 1997 14:30 |
3 hours, 16 minutes | |
| First 'IVA' into Spektr following the module's depressurisation after the Progress M-34 collision. Installed a modified Konus drogue in the core module's docking node and wired it up to connect the module's solar arrays to the station's electrical system. Inspected the interior of Spektr and retrieved equipment from the module.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 63 | EO-24 EVA 2 |
Anatoly Solovyev Michael Foale |
6 September 1997 01:07 |
6 September 1997 07:07 |
6 hours, 0 minutes | |
| Inspected the exterior of Spektr for signs of damage and manually reoriented the module's solar arrays.[1][2][5][10] | ||||||
| 64 | STS-86 EVA 1 ‡ |
Scott Parazynski Vladimir Titov |
1 October 1997 17:29 |
1 October 1997 22:30 |
5 hours, 1-minute | |
| Retrieved the Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP) from the docking module and affixed a solar arrays cap to aid Spektr repairs.[11] | ||||||
| 65 | EO-24 EVA 3 † |
Anatoly Solovyev Pavel Vinogradov |
20 October 1997 09:40 |
20 October 1997 16:18 |
6 hours, 38 minutes | |
| Second Spektr IVA to reconfigure the module's electrical system.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 66 | EO-24 EVA 4 |
Anatoly Solovyev Pavel Vinogradov |
3 November 1997 03:32 |
3 November 1997 09:36 |
6 hours, 4 minutes | |
| Retracted and removed the Kristall solar arrays that had been mounted to the left side of Kvant-1 and deployed the Sputnik 40 subsatellite.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 67 | EO-24 EVA 5 |
Anatoly Solovyev Pavel Vinogradov |
6 November 1997 00:12 |
6 November 1997 06:24 |
6 hours, 12 minutes | |
| Installed the MSB solar array launched with the docking module on to the newly vacated mount on the left side of Kvant-1.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 68 | EO-24 EVA 6 |
Anatoly Solovyev Pavel Vinogradov |
8 January 1998 23:08 |
9 January 1998 02:14 |
3 hours, 6 minutes | |
| Retrieved the Advanced Materials Exposure Experiment (AMEE) package and conducted repairs to the Kvant-2 airlock hatch.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 69 | EO-24 EVA 7 |
Anatoly Solovyev David Wolf |
14 January 1998 21:12 |
14 January 1998 01:04 |
3 hours, 52 minutes | |
| Used a spectroreflectometer to inspect the condition of the radiators on Kvant-2.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| - | EO-25 | Talgat Musabayev Nikolai Budarin |
3 March 1998 | 0 hours, 30 minutes | ||
| Attempted to conduct an EVA to prepare for the repair of the damaged solar array on Spektr, but were unable to open the hatch and were forced to postpone the EVA.[2][5] | ||||||
| 70 | EO-25 EVA 1 |
Talgat Musabayev Nikolai Budarin |
1 April 1998 13:35 |
1 April 1998 20:15 |
6 hours, 40 minutes | |
| Installed EVA anchors to provide access to Spektr's damaged solar array.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 71 | EO-25 EVA 2 |
Talgat Musabayev Nikolai Budarin |
6 April 1998 13:35 |
6 April 1998 17:50 |
4 hours, 15 minutes | |
| Installed a brace on Spektr's damaged solar array to reinforce it.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 72 | EO-25 EVA 3 |
Talgat Musabayev Nikolai Budarin |
11 April 1998 09:55 |
11 April 1998 16:20 |
6 hours, 25 minutes | |
| Removed the depleted VDU thruster block from the Sofora truss.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 73 | EO-25 EVA 4 |
Talgat Musabayev Nikolai Budarin |
17 April 1998 07:40 |
17 April 1998 14:13 |
6 hours, 33 minutes | |
| Prepared for the installation of a new VDU thruster block on the Sofora truss.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 74 | EO-25 EVA 5 |
Talgat Musabayev Nikolai Budarin |
22 April 1998 05:34 |
22 April 1998 11:55 |
6 hours, 21 minutes | |
| Installed a new VDU thruster block on the Sofora truss.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 75 | EO-26 EVA 1 † |
Gennady Padalka Sergei Avdeyev |
15 September 1998 20:00 |
15 September 1998 20:30 |
0 hours, 30 minutes | |
| Reseated electrical connections inside Spektr controlling the module's solar arrays.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 76 | EO-26 EVA 2 |
Gennady Padalka Sergei Avdeyev |
10 November 1998 19:23 |
11 November 1998 01:18 |
5 hours, 54 minutes | |
| Installed the Comets micrometeoroid detector in preparation for the upcoming Leonids meteor shower and deployed the Sputnik 41 subsatellite.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 77 | EO-27 EVA 1 |
Viktor Afanasyev Jean-Pierre Haigneré |
16 April 1999 04:37 |
16 April 1999 10:56 |
6 hours, 19 minutes | |
| Retrieved the Comets micrometeoroid detector, installed new experiments and deployed the Sputnik 99 subsatellite.[1][2][5] | ||||||
| 78 | EO-27 EVA 2 |
Viktor Afanasyev Sergei Avdeyev |
23 July 1999 11:06 |
23 July 1999 17:13 |
6 hours, 7 minutes | |
| Installed and attempted to deploy a prototype communications antenna on the far end of the Sofora truss.[1][2][6] | ||||||
| 79 | EO-27 EVA 3 |
Viktor Afanasyev Sergei Avdeyev |
28 July 1999 09:37 |
28 July 1999 14:59 |
5 hours, 22 minutes | |
| Completed the deployment of a prototype communications antenna on the far end of the Sofora truss.[1][2][6] | ||||||
| 80 | EO-28 EVA 1 |
Sergei Zalyotin Aleksandr Kaleri |
12 May 2000 10:44 |
12 May 2000 15:47 |
5 hours, 3 minutes | |
| Final EVA to be conducted at Mir. Tested a sealant dispenser by sealing cracks on the exterior of the station, inspected the Mir Cooperative Solar Array (MCSA), dismantled a solar battery, photographed the station's exterior and retrieved experiments.[1][2][6] | ||||||
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| Yury Onufriyenko scales the Sofora truss during EO-21. | Yury Usachov seen working on Kvant-1 during EO-21. | Vasily Tsibliyev traverses Mir using a Strela crane during EO-23. | Anatoly Solovyev inspects the exterior of Spektr during the second EVA of EO-24. |
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca Wade, Mark (5 March 2011). "Mir". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce Harland, David (30 November 2004). The Story of Space Station Mir. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. ISBN 978-0-387-23011-5.
- ^ Clark, Philip S (2000). "Orbital manoeuvres of the Mir complex". In Hall, Rex (ed.). The History of Mir 1986–2000. London: British Interplanetary Society. pp. 40–52. ISBN 0-9506597-4-6.
- ^ "Orbital period of a planet". CalcTool. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by Shayler, David J (2000). "Mir EVA Logs 1987–2000". In Hall, Rex (ed.). The History of Mir 1986–2000. London: British Interplanetary Society. pp. 101–105. ISBN 0-9506597-4-6.
- ^ a b c d Shayler, David J (2001). "Mir EVA Logs 1987–2001". In Hall, Rex (ed.). Mir: The Final Year. London: British Interplanetary Society. pp. 9–10 & 19–21. ISBN 0-9506597-5-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r McDonald, Sue (December 1998). Mir Mission Chronicle (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
- ^ Dumoulin, Jim (29 June 2001). "STS-76 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ^ Linenger, Jerry (1 January 2001). Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station Mir. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-137230-5.
- ^ a b Burrough, Bryan (7 January 1998). Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis Aboard Mir. London, UK: Fourth Estate Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84115-087-1.
- ^ Dumoulin, Jim (29 June 2001). "STS-86 Day 7 Highlights". NASA. Retrieved 12 February 2011.