List of Saxifragales, Vitales and Zygophyllales families

"flowers on a rock face"
Saxifraga, from Latin for "stone-breaking"[1][2]
Flowering plant families (APG IV)
Early-diverging flowering plants
Monocots: Alismatids • Commelinids • Lilioids
Eudicots
Basal eudicots • Dilleniales and Gunnerales
Superasterids: Basal superasterids (and the asterids)
Asterids: Basal asterids • Euasterids
Superrosids: Saxifragales (and the rosids)
Rosids: COM clade • Malvids • Nitrogen-fixing clade • Vitales and Zygophyllales

Saxifragales, Vitales and Zygophyllales are three orders of flowering plants with a total of 18 families.[a] They belong to the superrosids, a group of around 150 related families, including the rose family. They are the only such orders that are not included in three large subgroups of the superrosids: the COM clade, the nitrogen-fixing clade and the malvids.[4][6][7][b]

The order Saxifragales includes fruit-bearing shrubs, woody vines, succulents, aquatics, and many ornamental trees and garden plants, including stonecrops, currants and witch-hazels.[4][8][9] Peonies are bred by horticulturists and widely cultivated in temperate gardens.[10] The antiseptic resin of sweetgum trees has been used as a balm since biblical times.[11] Cercidiphyllum japonicum, the largest tree species native to Japan, is used to make boards for the game of Go.[12] Redcurrants, rich in pectin, are used in jams and juices.[13]

Vitales and Zygophyllales include trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants.[14] Krameria triandra is used as an astringent in mouthwash and toothpaste.[15] Wine, juices and jellies are made from grapes, and the leaves are also edible.[16] Guaiacum, in the twinleaf family, yields exceptionally hard lumber.[17]

  1. ^ Coombes 2012, p. 267.
  2. ^ Stearn 2002, p. 268.
  3. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
  5. ^ POWO.
  6. ^ Stevens 2023, Summary of APG IV.
  7. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 231–247.
  8. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 231–244, 415.
  9. ^ Wang et al 2009, p. 3853.
  10. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 233.
  11. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 234.
  12. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 236.
  13. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 244.
  14. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 244–247.
  15. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 246.
  16. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 244–245.
  17. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 247.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).