List of flood basalt provinces

Representative continental flood basalts (also known as traps) and oceanic plateaus, together forming a listing of large igneous provinces:^[1]

Era	Period^[a]	Epoch	Age^[b]	Start, mya^[b]	Event	Notes
Cenozoic^[c]	Quaternary	Holocene		0.0117^[d]
		Pleistocene	Upper	0.126
			Middle	0.781	Australasian strewnfield Lake Bosumtwi^[4]	Brunhes–Matuyama reversal (778.7 ± 1.9)^[5] Jaramillo reversal (1.07)
			Calabrian	1.806^*		Olduvai reversal
			Gelasian	2.588^*	Chilcotin Plateau Basalts^[e]	Ice age Gauss-Matuyama reversal (2.588)
	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian/Blancan	3.600^*		Gilbert-Gauss geomagnetic reversal (3.32)
		Pliocene	Zanclean	5.333^*		Zanclean flood (5.333)
		Miocene	Messinian	7.246^*	Chilcotin Plateau Basalts^[e]
			Tortonian	11.62^*
			Serravallian	13.82^*
			Langhian	15.97	M. Miocene disruption (14.8–14.5)^[f] Columbia River Basalt Group^[g] Chilcotin Plateau Basalts^[e]	Increased Antarctic deep waters Yellowstone hotspot Nördlinger Ries (14.5-14.3)
			Burdigalian	20.44
			Aquitanian	23.03^*	Shield volcanoes of Ethiopia^[h]	Antarctic ice sheet complete
	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	28.1	Ethiopian and Yemen traps (31–30)^[h]	Fish Canyon Tuff (27.51)^[i]
		Oligocene	Rupelian	33.9^*	Chesapeake Bay impact crater (35.5)^[j]	Antarctic ice sheet expands Eocene–Oligocene extinction event
		Eocene	Priabonian	38.0
			Bartonian	41.3
			Lutetian	47.8^*		Antarctic ice sheet begins
			Ypresian	56.0^*	N. Atlantic IP Phase II (56–54)^[k] (Brito-Arctic province) (~56)^[l]
		Paleocene	Thanetian	59.2^*
			Selandian	61.6^*	N. Atlantic IP (62–58)^[k] (Brito-Arctic province) (~61)^[l] (Thulean Plateau)	Iceland hotspot^[m]
			Danian	65.5 ± 0.3^*	Chicxulub Crater (65.5 ± 0.3)^[n] Deccan Traps (65.5 ± 0.3)^[o]	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event Shiva crater
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Upper	Maastrichtian	72.1 ± 0.2^*
			Campanian	83.6 ± 0.2	Caribbean LIP (76-74)^[p] Caribbean LIP (82-80)^[p]
			Santonian	86.3 ± 0.5
			Coniacian	89.8 ± 0.3	High Arctic LIP (~90-80)^[q] Caribbean LIP (90-88)^[p] Ontong Java Plateau^[r]	Galápagos hotspot
			Turonian	93.5 ± 0.8^*	Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (91.5 ± 8.6)^[s] Madagascar flood basalt (94.5±1.2)
			Cenomanian	100.5^*
		Lower	Albian	c. 113.0	Kerguelen Plateau (110)^[t] Rajmahal Traps (118)^[u]	Kerguelen hotspot
			Aptian	c. 125.0	Selli Event (~120)^[s] Ontong Java Plateau (125–120)^[r]	Louisville hotspot
			Barremian	c. 129.4	High Arctic LIP (130-120)^[q]
			Hauterivian	c. 132.9	Abor volcanics (135)	Kerguelen hotspot
			Valanginian	c. 139.8	Paraná and Etendeka traps (138-128)^[v]	Tristan hotspot
			Berriasian	c. 145.0		Glaciations End-Jurassic extinction
	Jurassic	Upper	Tithonian	152.1 ± 0.9
			Kimmeridgian	157.3 ± 1.0
			Oxfordian	163.5 ± 1.0
		Middle	Callovian	166.1 ± 1.2
			Bathonian	168.3 ± 1.3^*
			Bajocian	170.3 ± 1.4^*
			Aalenian	174.1 ± 1.0^*
		Lower	Toarcian	182.7 ± 0.7	early Toarcian anoxic event Karoo-Ferrar (~183)^[w]	Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction Formed as Gondwana broke up
			Pliensbachian	190.8 ± 1.0^*
			Sinemurian	199.3 ± 0.3^*	C. Atlantic magmatic province (Recurrent)(197±1)^[x]
			Hettangian	201.3 ± 0.2^*	Central Atlantic magmatic province (199.5±0.5)^[x]	Formed as Pangea broke up Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
	Triassic	Upper	Rhaetian	c. 208.5
			Norian	c. 228	Wrangellia flood basalts (231–225)^[y]
			Carnian	c. 235^*
		Middle	Ladinian	c. 242^*
		Middle	Anisian	247.2
		Lower	Olenekian	251.2
		Lower	Induan	252.2 ± 0.5^*	Siberian Traps (252.6)^[z]	Permian–Triassic extinction event
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	254.2 ± 0.1^*
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	259.9 ± 0.4^*	Emeishan Traps (258)^[aa]	end-Capitanian/Guadalupian Extinction
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	265.1 ± 0.4^*
			Wordian/Kazanian	268.8 ± 0.5^*
			Roadian/Ufimian	272.3 ± 0.5^*		Olson's Extinction Late Devonian extinction
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	279.3 ± 0.6
			Artinskian	290.1 ± 0.1
			Sakmarian	295.5 ± 0.4
			Asselian	298.9 ± 0.2^*	Skagerrak-Centered LIP (297±4 Ma)^[ab]	Pangaea
	Carbon- iferous^[ac]/ Pennsyl- vanian	Upper	Gzhelian	303.7 ± 0.1
		Upper	Kasimovian	307.0 ± 0.1		Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse (~305)^[ad]
		Middle	Moscovian	315.2 ± 0.2
		Lower	Bashkirian	323.2 ± 0.4^*
	Carbon- iferous^[ac]/ Missis- sippian	Upper	Serpukhovian	330.9 ± 0.2
		Middle	Viséan	346.7 ± 0.4^*
		Lower	Tournaisian	358.9 ± 0.4^*	Hangenberg event (358.9 ± 0.4)^[ae]	Late Devonian extinction
	Devonian	Upper	Famennian	372.2 ± 1.6^*	Kellwasser_event (372.2 ± 1.6)^[af] Viluy traps (373.4 ± 0.7)^[ag]	Late Devonian extinction^[ah]
		Upper	Frasnian	382.7 ± 1.6^*
		Middle	Givetian	387.7 ± 0.8^*
		Middle	Eifelian	393.3 ± 1.2^*
		Lower	Emsian	407.6 ± 2.6^*
			Pragian	410.8 ± 2.8^*
			Lochkovian	419.2 ± 3.2^*
	Silurian	Pridoli	(Stage 8)	423.0 ± 2.3^*	Lau event (423.0 ± 2.3)^[ai]
		Ludlow/Cayugan	Ludfordian	425.6 ± 0.9^*
		Ludlow/Cayugan	Gorstian	427.4 ± 0.5^*	Mulde event (427.4 ± 0.5)^[aj]
		Wenlock	Homerian/Lockportian	430.5 ± 0.7^*
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian/Tonawandan	433.4 ± 0.8^*	Ireviken event (433.4 ± 2.3)^[ak]
		Llandovery/ Alexandrian	Telychian/Ontarian	438.5 ± 1.1^*
			Aeronian	440.8 ± 1.2^*
			Rhuddanian	443.4 ± 1.5^*		Ordovician–Silurian extinction event
	Ordovician	Upper	Hirnantian	445.2 ± 1.4^*	Pre-Devonian Traps (~445)
			Katian	453.0 ± 0.7^*
			Sandbian	458.4 ± 0.9^*
		Middle	Darriwilian	467.3 ± 1.1^*
		Middle	Dapingian	470.0 ± 1.4^*
		Lower	Floian (formerly Arenig)	477.7 ± 1.4^*
		Lower	Tremadocian	485.4 ± 1.9^*
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	c. 489.5		Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event
			Jiangshanian	c. 494^*
			Paibian	c. 497^*
		Series 3	Guzhangian	c. 500.5^*
			Drumian	c. 504.5^*
			Stage 5	c. 509
		Series 2	Stage 4	c. 514
		Series 2	Stage 3	c. 521
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	c. 529		Cambrian explosion
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	541.0 ± 1.0^*		End-Ediacaran extinction
Neo- proterozoic^[al]	Ediacaran			c. 635^*	Long Range dikes (620)	formed as Iapetus Ocean began
	Cryogenian			850^[am]	Franklin LIP (716.5)	Snowball Earth
	Tonian			1000^[am]	Warakurna LIP (~1075)
Meso- proterozoic^[al]	Stenian			1200^[am]	Midcontinent Rift System (~1100)^[an] Mackenzie LIP (~1270)	Rodinia
	Ectasian			1400^[am]
	Calymmian			1600^[am]
Paleo- proterozoic^[al]	Statherian			1800^[am]	Circum-Superior Belt (1884-1864)^[ao] Winagami sill complex (1890-1760)
	Orosirian			2050^[am]	Kapuskasing and Marathon dike swarm (2126-2101) Fort Frances dike swarm (2076-2067) Vredefort impact structure (2023±4)^[ap]
	Rhyacian			2300^[am]	Ungava magmatic event	Huronian glaciation (2220)
	Siderian			2500^[am]	Matachewan dike swarm (2500-2450) Mistassini dike swarm (2500)	Great Oxygenation Event
Neoarchean^[al]				2800^[am]
Mesoarchean^[al]				3200^[am]
Paleoarchean^[al]				3600^[am]	Kaapvaal craton (3600-3700)	Vaalbara
Eoarchean^[al]				4000
Early Imbrian^[al]^[aq]				c. 3850
Nectarian^[al]^[aq]				c. 3920		lunar basins form
Basin Groups^[al]^[aq]				c. 4150	Acasta Gneiss	Late Heavy Bombardment
Cryptic^[ar]				c. 4600		Oldest minerals. Earth surface solidifies.

^ Courtillota, Vincent E.; Renneb, Paul R. (January 2003). "Sur l'âge des trapps basaltiques" [On the ages of flood basalt events]. Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 335 (1): 113–140. Bibcode:2003CRGeo.335..113C. doi:10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00006-3.
^ "The Paleobiology Database". Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
^ "The 2009 version of the ICS time chart" (PDF).^{[full citation needed]}
^ estimated to be 1.07 mya
^ Bradley S. Singer; Malcolm S. Pringleb (1996). "Age and duration of the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic polarity reversal from incremental heating analyses of lavas". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 139 (1–2): 47–61. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.139...47S. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00003-9. We have obtained ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isochron ages using incremental heating techniques on groundmass separates, phenocryst-poor whole rock samples, or plagioclase, from eight basaltic to andesitic lavas that erupted during the Matuyama-Brunhes (M-B) polarity transition at four geographically dispersed sites. These eight lavas range from 784.6 ± 7.1 ka to 770.8 ± 5.2 ka (1 σ errors); the weighted mean, 778.7 ± 1.9 ka, gives a high-precision age that is remarkably consistent with revised astronomical age estimates for the M-B polarity transition
^ [1]^{[full citation needed]}
^ [2]^{[full citation needed]}
^ (Chazot & Bertrand, 1993;^{[full citation needed]} Baker et al., 1996a;^{[full citation needed]} Menzies et al., 2001^{[full citation needed]})
^ [3]^{[full citation needed]}
^ [4]^{[full citation needed]}
^ Courtillot, Vincent; Kravchinsky, Vadim A.; Quidelleur, Xavier; Renne, Paul R.; Gladkochub, Dmitry P. (2010). "Preliminary dating of the Viluy traps (Eastern Siberia): Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events?". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 300 (3–4): 239–245. Bibcode:2010E&PSL.300..239C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.045.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[1] Courtillota, Vincent E.; Renneb, Paul R. (January 2003). "Sur l'âge des trapps basaltiques" [On the ages of flood basalt events]. Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 335 (1): 113–140. Bibcode:2003CRGeo.335..113C. doi:10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00006-3.

[2] "The Paleobiology Database". Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2006.

[5] "The 2009 version of the ICS time chart" (PDF).^{[full citation needed]}

[8] stimated to be 1.07 mya

[9] Bradley S. Singer; Malcolm S. Pringleb (1996). "Age and duration of the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic polarity reversal from incremental heating analyses of lavas". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 139 (1–2): 47–61. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.139...47S. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00003-9. We have obtained ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isochron ages using incremental heating techniques on groundmass separates, phenocryst-poor whole rock samples, or plagioclase, from eight basaltic to andesitic lavas that erupted during the Matuyama-Brunhes (M-B) polarity transition at four geographically dispersed sites. These eight lavas range from 784.6 ± 7.1 ka to 770.8 ± 5.2 ka (1 σ errors); the weighted mean, 778.7 ± 1.9 ka, gives a high-precision age that is remarkably consistent with revised astronomical age estimates for the M-B polarity transition

[13] [1]^{[full citation needed]}

[15] [2]^{[full citation needed]}

[16] (Chazot & Bertrand, 1993;^{[full citation needed]} Baker et al., 1996a;^{[full citation needed]} Menzies et al., 2001^{[full citation needed]})

[26] [3]^{[full citation needed]}

[36] [4]^{[full citation needed]}

[43] Courtillot, Vincent; Kravchinsky, Vadim A.; Quidelleur, Xavier; Renne, Paul R.; Gladkochub, Dmitry P. (2010). "Preliminary dating of the Viluy traps (Eastern Siberia): Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events?". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 300 (3–4): 239–245. Bibcode:2010E&PSL.300..239C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.045.

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