List of fossil primates

This is a list of fossil primates—extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned.[1] As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as Purgatorius and Plesiadapis, thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires.[2] Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes.[3] That denomination is not used here.

There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic Altiatlasius koulchii, perhaps an Omomyid, but perhaps a non-Primate Plesiadapiform, which lived in Morocco, during the Paleocene, around 60 Ma.[1] However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation.[4][5][6] Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear.[7]

The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus Homo, and was lacking in the first hominid. In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some cetaceans is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as Australopithecus.[8]

This list follows partly from Walter Carl Hartwig's 2002 book The Fossil Primate Record[9] and John G. Fleagle's 2013 book Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd edition).[10] Parentheses around authors' names (and dates) indicates a change in generic name for the fossil, as stated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).[11] Since the publication of the book as well as the creation of this article, new fossil taxon have been discovered that has helped improved the taxonomy among primates in general.

  1. ^ a b Rasmussen, D. T. (2002). "The origin of Primates". In Hartwig, W. C. (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–9. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H.
  2. ^ Covert, H. H. (2002). "The earliest fossil Primates and the evolution of Prosimians: Introduction". In Hartwig, W. C. (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–20. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H.
  3. ^ McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9.
  4. ^ Lee, M. (September 1999). "Molecular Clock Calibrations and Metazoan Divergence Dates". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (3): 385–391. Bibcode:1999JMolE..49..385L. doi:10.1007/PL00006562. PMID 10473780. S2CID 1629316.
  5. ^ Field Museum. "Scientists Push Back Primate Origins From 65 Million To 85 Million Years Ago". Science Daily. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  6. ^ Tavaré, S.; Marshall, C. R.; Will, O.; Soligo, C.; Martin R.D. (April 18, 2002). "Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant primates". Nature. 416 (6882): 726–729. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..726T. doi:10.1038/416726a. PMID 11961552. S2CID 4368374.
  7. ^ Dawkins, R. (2005). The Ancestor's Tale. A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Boston, New York: Mariner Books. pp. 160–168.
  8. ^ Conway Morris, S. (2003). Life's Solution. Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. pp. 245–247.
  9. ^ Hartwig, C. (2002). The Fossil Primate Record. Cambridge University Press.
  10. ^ Fleagle, J.G. (2013). Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-123-78633-3. OCLC 820107187.
  11. ^ ICZN (1999). "Article 51. Citation of names of authors". International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2009-05-27.