List of sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven

The German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) is among the most admired composers in the history of Western music,^[1] and has been the subject of many private and public sculptures, including busts, reliefs, statues and others. The first, a bust by Franz Klein, was commissioned by Johann Andreas Streicher and created in 1812, while the composer was still alive.^[2] After Beethoven's death in 1827, his hometown, Bonn, immediately began planning a monument for the following year,^[3] though a cholera outbreak delayed this.^[4] A design competition was eventually held, in which a submission by Ernst Julius Hähnel beat ones from Friedrich von Amerling, Gustav Blaeser and Friedrich Drake. In 1845, Hähnel's monument was erected, due to finances given by Robert Schumann, Charles Hallé, George Thomas Smart and especially Franz Liszt.^[3][5] While the monument's height and simplicity were criticized, the reliefs surrounding the base were met with public approval.^[5] The statue's representation of a figure standing on a decorated base with its legs slightly apart was popular at the time, and later inspired Theodore Baur's statue of c. 1895 in the Library of Congress.^[6]

The Beethoven monuments that followed Hähnel's, while retaining a high pedestal,^[7] began to portray the composer in a less simplistic and increasingly heroic light.^[8] The most significant representative of this, and the most famous Beethoven monument from the second half of the 19th century, was Kaspar von Zumbusch's 1880 monument in Beethovenplatz [de], Vienna.^[9] The city had intended to erect a monument for Beethoven since his death,^[3] but serious action to do so began only in the 1870s, when a competition for a design was held and Zumbusch's winning design was created with financial support from Liszt and Brahms.^[10]

In the early 20th century, the glorified portrayals of Beethoven reached their peak, with god-like representations such as Max Klinger's monument (1902), unveiled at the Vienna Secession^[11] (now in the Museum der bildenden Künste),^[12] and Fidus's unexecuted design for a 'Beethoven temple' (1903).^[13] The 20th century also saw a brief return to the simplistic style of the 19th century, such as Robert Weigl's statue at the Heiligenstädter Park [de] in Vienna (1910) and Hugo Uher's [cs] statue in Karlsbad (1929).^[14] Also at this time, Antoine Bourdelle and Naoum Aronson, both students of Auguste Rodin, began creating busts of the composer; Bourdelle was especially prolific.^[15] As the century progressed, ideas on depicting Beethoven became largely ununified, and were often especially allegorical, such as Theodor von Gosen's monument in Alameda Central, Mexico City (1921).^[16] In 1926, Berlin hosted a monument competition in preparation for the composer's 100th anniversary the following year; the entire competition was controversial and was eventually canceled due to criticism from the press and the committee's inability to form a consensus.^[17] There had been submissions from famous sculptors including Ernst Barlach, Peter Breuer and Georg Kolbe, although Breuer and Kolbe eventually had their designs constructed in 1938 and 1948 respectively.^[17] After World War II, experimentation in portraying Beethoven increased even further, exemplified by Klaus Kammerichs's [de] three-dimensional reproduction (1986) of Joseph Karl Stieler's painted portrait and Markus Lüpertz's controversial abstract portrayal (2014).^[18][19]

There is a large collection of busts in the Beethoven House, a museum and cultural institution based in Bonn that studies Beethoven's life and legacy, including ones by an unknown artist based on a sculpture by Josef Danhauser (c. 1890);^[20] Fernando Cian (first quarter of the 20th century);^[21] Pierre Félix Masseau (1902);^[22] Aronson (1905);^[15] a mask supposedly by Wilhelm Hüsgen [de] (1920–1927);^[23] Eduard Merz (1945/46);^[24] Lewon Konstantinowitsch Lasarew [de] (1981);^[25] and Cantemir Riscutia (1998).^[26]