Lithium iron phosphate battery

Lithium iron phosphate battery
LiFePO4_AA
A Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) AA battery (right) shown next to a battery placeholder (left)
Specific energy90–160 Wh/kg (320–580 J/g or kJ/kg)[1]
Next gen: 180–205 Wh/kg[2]
Energy density325 Wh/L (1200 kJ/L)[1]
Specific poweraround 200 W/kg[3]
Energy/consumer-price1-4 Wh/US$[4][5]
Time durability> 10 years
Cycle durability2,500–9,000[6] cycles
Nominal cell voltage3.2 V

The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO
4 battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO
4) as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power.[7] LFP batteries are cobalt-free.[8] As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for EVs reached 31%, and of that, 68% were from EV makers Tesla and BYD alone.[9] Chinese manufacturers currently hold a near monopoly of LFP battery type production.[10] With patents having started to expire in 2022 and the increased demand for cheaper EV batteries,[11] LFP type production is expected to rise further and surpass lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) type batteries in 2028.[12]

The specific energy of LFP batteries is lower than that of other common lithium-ion battery types such as nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA). As of 2024, the specific energy of CATL's LFP battery is currently 205 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) on the cell level.[13] BYD's LFP battery specific energy is 150 Wh/kg. The best NMC batteries exhibit specific energy values of over 300 Wh/kg. Notably, the specific energy of Panasonic’s “2170” NCA batteries used in Tesla’s 2020 Model 3 is around 260 Wh/kg, which is 70% of its "pure chemicals" value. LFP batteries also exhibit a lower operating voltage than other lithium-ion battery types.

  1. ^ a b "Great Power Group, Square lithium-ion cell". Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  2. ^ "CATL announcement". 2024-05-10.
  3. ^ "12,8 Volt Lithium-Iron-Phosphate Batteries" (PDF). VictronEnergy.nl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  4. ^ "Zooms 12V 100Ah LiFePO4 Deep Cycle Battery, Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  5. ^ "ZEUS Battery Products - 12.8 V Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Rechargeable (Secondary) 20Ah". DigiKey.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  6. ^ Preger, Yuliya; Barkholtz, Heather M.; Fresquez, Armando; Campbell, Daniel L.; Juba, Benjamin W.; Romàn-Kustas, Jessica; Ferreira, Summer R.; Chalamala, Babu (2020). "Degradation of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells as a Function of Chemistry and Cycling Conditions". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 167 (12). Institute of Physics: 120532. Bibcode:2020JElS..167l0532P. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/abae37. S2CID 225506214.
  7. ^ Learn about lithium batteries ethospower.org
  8. ^ Li, Wangda; Lee, Steven; Manthiram, Arumugam (2020). "High-Nickel NMA: A Cobalt-Free Alternative to NMC and NCA Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries". Advanced Materials. 32 (33): e2002718. Bibcode:2020AdM....3202718L. doi:10.1002/adma.202002718. OSTI 1972436. PMID 32627875.
  9. ^ "Tesla, BYD accounted for 68% of LFP batteries deployed from Q1-Q3 2022". 15 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Japan battery material producers lose spark as China races ahead". 4 April 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  11. ^ "A Handful of Lithium Battery Patents Are Set to Expire Before the End of the Year, Hopefully Bringing EV Prices Down With Them | GetJerry.com". getjerry.com. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
  12. ^ "Global lithium-ion battery capacity to rise five-fold by 2030". 22 March 2022.
  13. ^ Willuhn, Marian (2024-04-29). "CATL presents EV battery with 1,000 km range". pv magazine International. Retrieved 2024-09-24.