Livonian Crusade

Livonian Crusade
Part of the Northern Crusades
A Teutonic Knight on the left and a Swordbrother on the right.
Date Around 1198 – 1290 (92 years) Location Livonia Result Crusader victory Establishment of Terra Mariana
Belligerents
Crusaders Sword-Brothers Livonian Order Kingdom of Denmark Bishopric of Riga Kingdom of Sweden Bishopric of Dorpat Bishopric of Courland Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek christianized Livs, Latgalians, and Estonians Novgorod Republic Pskov Republic	Baltic and Finnic pagans (indigenous peoples) Livs (Livonians) Latgalians Curonians Estonians Oeselians Ungannians Selonians Semigallians Vends Grand Duchy of Lithuania Samogitians Novgorod Republic Pskov Republic Principality of Polotsk
Commanders and leaders
Volkwin † Wenno Wilken von Endorp † Otto von Lutterberg † Valdemar II of Denmark Albert of Riga Berthold of Hanover † John of Sweden Caupo of Turaida † Tālivaldis of Tālava †	Ako of Salaspils † Vesceka of Kukenois † Lembitu of Lehola † Visvaldis of Jersika Viestards of Tērvete Nameisis of Zemgale Vykintas of Samogitia Treniota of Lithuania Traidenis of Lithuania

Part of a series on the
History of Estonia
Ancient Estonia Kunda culture Narva culture Aesti Chudes Baltic Finnic peoples Ancient counties
Medieval Estonia Oeselians Viking Age Livonian Crusade Danish Estonia Old Livonia Baltic Germans
Swedish Estonia Livonian War Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721) Polish Livonia Swedish Livonia Great Northern War
Russian Estonia Russian Estonia Russian Livonia National awakening German occupation
Modern Estonia Declaration of Independence War of Independence Interwar period Era of Silence World War II Soviet occupation Singing Revolution Restoration of independence Contemporary Estonia
Chronology
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Part of a series on the
History of Latvia
Ancient Latvia Kunda culture Narva culture Corded Ware culture Amber Road / Aesti Baltic Finns (Livonians, Vends) Balts Latgalians Curonians Selonians Semigallians
Middle Ages Principality of Jersika Principality of Koknese Tālava Livonian Crusade Livonian Brothers of the Sword Livonian Order Archbishopric of Riga Bishopric of Courland Terra Mariana Baltic Germans
Early modern period Livonian War Kingdom of Livonia Duchy of Livonia Inflanty Voivodeship Swedish Livonia Polish–Swedish Wars (1600–1629) Second Northern War Great Northern War Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Couronian colonization
National Awakening Governorate of Livonia Courland Governorate Vitebsk Governorate The First Latvian National Awakening New Current
Modern Latvia Latvian Riflemen German occupation United Baltic Duchy Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic War of Independence 1934 Latvian coup d'état 1940 Soviet occupation Nazi occupation The Holocaust in Latvia 1944 Soviet re-occupation Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Popular Front of Latvia Singing Revolution Restoration of Independence 2008 Latvian financial crisis
Chronology
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The Livonian crusade^[1][2] consists of the various military Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – modern Latvia and Estonia – during the Papal-sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12th–13th century. The Livonian crusade was conducted mostly by the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark. It ended with the creation of Terra Mariana and the Danish duchy of Estonia. The lands on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea were one of the last parts of Europe to be Christianised. The available information is largely based on Livonian Chronicle of Henry.

On 2 February 1207,^[3] in the territories conquered, an ecclesiastical state called Terra Mariana was established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire,^[4] and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as a subject of the Holy See.^[5] After the success of the crusade, the Teutonic- and Danish-occupied territory was divided into six feudal principalities by William of Modena.