Loneliness

For other uses, see Loneliness (disambiguation).

Loneliness by Hans Thoma (National Museum in Warsaw)
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Loneliness is an unpleasant emotional response to perceived isolation. Loneliness is also described as social pain – a psychological mechanism which motivates individuals to seek social connections. It is often associated with a perceived lack of connection and intimacy. Loneliness overlaps and yet is distinct from solitude. Solitude is simply the state of being apart from others; not everyone who experiences solitude feels lonely. As a subjective emotion, loneliness can be felt even when a person is surrounded by other people.

The causes of loneliness are varied. Loneliness can be a result of genetic inheritance,[1] cultural factors, a lack of meaningful relationships,[2] a significant loss, an excessive reliance on passive technologies (notably the Internet in the 21st century),[3] or a self-perpetuating mindset.[4] Research has shown that loneliness is found throughout society, including among people in marriages along with other strong relationships, and those with successful careers. Most people experience loneliness at some points in their lives, and some feel it often.

Loneliness is found to be the highest among younger people as, according to the BBC Loneliness Experiment, 40% people within the age group 16-24 admit to feeling lonely while the percentage of people who feel lonely above age 75 is around 27%.[5]

The effects of loneliness are also varied. Transient loneliness (loneliness which exists for a short period of time) is related to positive effects, including an increased focus on the strength of one's relationships.[6][7] Chronic loneliness (loneliness which exists for a significant amount of time in one's life) is generally correlated with negative effects, including increased obesity, substance use disorder, risk of depression, cardiovascular disease, risk of high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.[8][9][10][11] Chronic loneliness is also correlated with an increased risk of death and suicidal thoughts.

Medical treatments for loneliness include beginning therapy and taking antidepressants. Social treatments for loneliness generally include an increase in interaction with others, such as group activities (such as exercise or religious activities), re-engaging with old friends or colleagues, owning pets, and becoming more connected with one's community. [12][13]

Loneliness has long been a theme in literature, going back to the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, academic coverage of loneliness was sparse until recent decades. In the 21st century, some academics and professionals have claimed that loneliness has become an epidemic,[14] including Vivek Murthy, the Surgeon General of the United States.[15]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gao2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Murthy2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hughes1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cacioppo2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "The surprising truth about loneliness". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sometimescalledthe was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Alberti2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference SRoverviewBash2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cacioppo, J 2010 p218-227 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ "Loneliness is strongly linked to depression in older adults in a large, long-term study". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 29 June 2021. doi:10.3310/alert_46882. S2CID 242980660.
  11. ^ Lee SL, Pearce E, Ajnakina O, Johnson S, Lewis G, Mann F, et al. (9 November 2020). "The association between loneliness and depressive symptoms among adults aged 50 years and older: a 12-year population-based cohort study". The Lancet Psychiatry. 8 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30383-7. PMC 8009277. PMID 33181096.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pets was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Robinson2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bahrampour2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Rao A (2 May 2023). "US surgeon general warns of next public health priority: loneliness". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 May 2023.