| Louis XVI | |
|---|---|
,_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg) Portrait, 1779 | |
| King of France | |
| Reign | 10 May 1774 – 21 September 1792[a] |
| Coronation | 11 June 1775 Reims Cathedral |
| Predecessor | Louis XV |
| Successor | Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (as President of the National Convention) |
| Chief ministers | See list
|
| King of France (claimant) | |
| Tenure | 21 September 1792 – 21 January 1793 |
| Successor | Louis XVII |
| Born | Louis Auguste, Duke of Berry 23 August 1754 Palace of Versailles, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 21 January 1793 (aged 38) Place de la Révolution, Paris, French First Republic |
| Cause of death | Execution |
| Burial | 21 January 1815 |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | |
| House | Bourbon |
| Father | Louis, Dauphin of France |
| Mother | Maria Josepha of Saxony |
| Religion | Catholicism |
| Signature |  |
Louis XVI (Louis Auguste; French: [lwi sɛːz]; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.
The son of Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765) (son and heir-apparent of King Louis XV), and Maria Josepha of Saxony, Louis became the new Dauphin when his father died in 1765. In 1770, he married Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (Marie Antoinette). He became King of France and Navarre on his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774,[5] and reigned until the abolition of the monarchy on 21 September 1792. From 1791 onwards, he used the style of King of the French.
The first part of Louis XVI's reign was marked by attempts to reform the French government in accordance with Enlightenment ideas. These included efforts to increase tolerance toward non-Catholics as well as abolish the death penalty for deserters.[6][7] The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation. Louis implemented deregulation of the grain market, advocated by his economic liberal minister Turgot, but it resulted in an increase in bread prices. In periods of bad harvests, it led to food scarcity which, during a particularly bad harvest in 1775, prompted the masses to revolt. From 1776, Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realised in the Treaty of Paris (1783). The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the Ancien Régime. This led to the convening of the Estates General of 1789. Discontent among the members of France's middle and lower classes resulted in strengthened opposition to the French aristocracy and to the absolute monarchy, of which Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were representatives. Increasing tensions and violence were marked by events such as the storming of the Bastille, during which riots in Paris forced Louis to definitively recognize the legislative authority of the National Assembly.
Louis's indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France to view him as a symbol of the perceived tyranny of the Ancien Régime, and his popularity deteriorated progressively. His unsuccessful flight to Varennes in June 1791, four months before the constitutional monarchy was declared, seemed to justify the rumors that the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the prospects of foreign intervention. His credibility was deeply undermined, and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The growth of anti-clericalism among revolutionaries resulted in the abolition of the dîme (religious land tax) and several government policies aimed at the dechristianization of France.
In a context of civil and international war, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested at the time of the Insurrection of 10 August 1792. One month later, the monarchy was abolished and the French First Republic was proclaimed on 21 September 1792. The former king became a desacralized French citizen, addressed as Citoyen Louis Capet (Citizen Louis Capet) in reference to his ancestor Hugh Capet. Louis was tried by the National Convention (self-instituted as a tribunal for the occasion), found guilty of high treason and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. Louis XVI's death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Both of his sons died in childhood, before the Bourbon Restoration; his only child to reach adulthood, Marie Thérèse, was given over to her Austrian relatives in exchange for French prisoners of war, eventually dying childless in 1851.
- ^ Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens, avis du Conseil-d'Etat (in French). 1834. p. 57.
- ^ Archives parlementaires: de 1787 à 1860 ; recueil complet des débats législatifs et politiques des chambres françaises. 1787 à 1799. 1. Série (in French). CNRS Ed. 1877. p. 397.
- ^ La Constitution du 3 Septembre 1791, Chaptire II, Art. 2. Élysée
- ^ Lalanne, Ludovic (1877). Dictionnaire historique de la France (in French). Hachette. p. 845.
- ^ Doyle, William. French Revolution (2nd ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. p. 2.
- ^ Berkovich, Ilya (2017). Motivation in War: The Experience of Common Soldiers in Old-Regime Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781107167735.
- ^ Delon, Michel, ed. (4 December 2013). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Vol. I. London: Routledge. p. 1246. ISBN 9781135959982.
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