Luxembourg

This article is about the country. For its capital, see Luxembourg City. For the Belgian province, see Luxembourg (Belgium). For other uses, see Luxembourg (disambiguation).

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
  • Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg​ (Luxembourgish)
  • Grand-Duché de Luxembourg​ (French)
  • Großherzogtum Luxemburg​ (German)
Motto: "Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn"
"We want to stay what we are"
Anthem: "Ons Heemecht"
("Our Homeland")
Royal anthem: "De Wilhelmus"a
Location of Luxembourg (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark gray) – in the European Union (green)
Location of Luxembourg (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark gray)
– in the European Union (green)

Capital
and largest city
Luxembourg[1]
49°48′52″N 06°07′54″E / 49.81444°N 6.13167°E / 49.81444; 6.13167
Official languagesNational language:
Luxembourgish
Administrative languages:
Nationality (2023)
Religion
(2018[2])
  • 23.4% no religion
  • 3.2% other
Demonym(s)
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Henri
• Regent
Guillaume
Luc Frieden
LegislatureChamber of Deputies
Independence
• From the French Empire and elevation to Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
9 June 1815
• Independence in personal Union with the Netherlands (Treaty of London)
19 April 1839
23 November 1890
• Occupation during World War I by the German Empire
1 August 1914
• Liberation from the Greater German Reich
1944/1945
Area
• Total
2,586.4 km2 (998.6 sq mi) (168th)
• Water (%)
0.23 (2015)[3]
Population
• January 2024 estimate
Neutral increase 672,050[4] (163rd)
• 2021 census
643,941 [5]
• Density
255/km2 (660.4/sq mi) (58th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $101.876 billion[6] (100th)
• Per capita
Increase $151,146[6] (1st)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $91.210 billion[6] (73rd)
• Per capita
Increase $135,321[6] (1st)
Gini (2023)Negative increase 30.6[7]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.927[8]
very high (20th)
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Note: Although Luxembourg is located in Western European Time/UTC (Z) zone, since 1 June 1904, LMT (UTC+0:24:36) was abandoned and Central European Time/UTC+1 was adopted as standard time,[1] with a +0:35:24 offset (+1:35:24 during DST) from Luxembourg City's LMT.
Calling code+352
ISO 3166 codeLU
Internet TLD.lub
  1. Not the same as the Het Wilhelmus of the Netherlands
  2. The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.
  3. ^ "Field Listing – Distribution of family income – Gini index". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
Map
Interactive map showing the border of Luxembourg

Luxembourg (/ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ⓘ LUK-səm-burg;[9] Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg [ˈlətsəbuəɕ] ⓘ; German: Luxemburg [ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk] ⓘ; French: Luxembourg [lyksɑ̃buʁ] ⓘ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,[a] is a small landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg City,[10] is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union (together with Brussels, Frankfurt, and Strasbourg) and the seat of several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority.[11][12] Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are greatly influenced by its much larger neighbors France and Germany; for example, Luxembourgish, a Germanic language, is the only national language of the Luxembourgish people and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,[13][14] French is the only language for legislation, and all three – Luxembourgish, German and French – are used for administrative matters in the country.[13]

With an area of 2,586 square kilometers (998 sq mi), Luxembourg is Europe's seventh-smallest country.[15] In 2024, it had a population of 672,050, which makes it one of the least-populated countries in Europe,[16] albeit with the highest population growth rate;[17] foreigners account for nearly half the population.[18] Luxembourg is a representative democracy headed by a constitutional monarch, Grand Duke Henri, making it the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy.

The County of Luxembourg was established in the 11th century, as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. Its ascension culminated in its monarch, Henry VII, becoming the Holy Roman Emperor in the 14th century. Luxembourg came under Habsburg rule in the 15th century, and was annexed by France in the 18th century. Luxembourg was partitioned three times, reducing its size. Having been restored in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon, it regained independence in 1867 after the Luxembourg Crisis.

Luxembourg is a developed country with an advanced economy, and has one of the world's highest GDP (PPP) per capita as per IMF and World Bank estimates. The nation's levels of human development and LGBT equality are ranked among the highest in Europe.[19][20] The historic city including its fortification was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of its vast fortifications and historic quarters.[21] Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union,[22] OECD, the United Nations, NATO, and the Benelux.[23][24] It served on the United Nations Security Council for the first time in 2013 and 2014.[25]

  1. ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  2. ^ Eurobarometer 90.4: Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism. European Commission. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2019 – via GESIS.
  3. ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  4. ^ "Une croissance démographique réduite en 2023" (PDF). statistiques.public.lu (in French). 18 April 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  5. ^ "Évolution de la population". Statistiques - Luxembourg (in French). 10 February 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  7. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  8. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Luxembourg". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  10. ^ "Europe :: Luxembourg — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States on the location of the seats of the institutions (12 December 1992)". Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe. 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Luxembourg | national capital, Luxembourg". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Loi du 24 février 1984 sur le régime des langues". legilux.public.lu. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  14. ^ Constitution du Grand Duché de Luxembourg (in French, Luxembourgish, and German). Brochure distribuée par la chambre des députés (48 pages). 2023. p. 4 : Chapter I, Section 1, article 4. "La langue du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg est le luxembourgeois. La loi règle l'emploi des langues luxembourgeoise, francaise et allemande.".
  15. ^ "Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  16. ^ "La démographie luxembourgeoise en chiffres" (PDF). Le Portail des Statistiques (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  17. ^ "Country comparison :: POPULATION growth rate". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  18. ^ Krouse, Sarah (1 January 2018). "Piping Hot Gromperekichelcher, Only if You Pass the Sproochentest". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1.
  19. ^ "Country Ranking - Rainbow Europe". rainbow-europe.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  20. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  21. ^ "City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications". World Heritage List. UNESCO, World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  22. ^ "European Union | Definition, Purpose, History, & Members". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  23. ^ Timeline: Luxembourg – A chronology of key events Archived 13 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine BBC News Online, 9 September 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
  24. ^ "Independent Luxembourg". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  25. ^ "Asselborn's final Security Council meeting". Luxemburger Wort. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2015.


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