M551 Sheridan

M551 Sheridan
M551 Sheridan AR/AAV
Type	Amphibious light tank[1]
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1969–1997
Wars	Vietnam War Operation Just Cause Persian Gulf War Operation Desert Shield Operation Desert Storm
Production history
Designer	General Motors, Cadillac Motor Company
Designed	1959–1965
Manufacturer	Cadillac Motor Company, Cleveland, Ohio[2]
Produced	1966–1970
No. built	1,662
Specifications (M551A1 Sheridan (TTS))
Mass	33,600 lb (15,240 kg)[3]
Length	248 in (6.3 m)[3]
Width	110 in (2.8 m)[3]
Height	116 in (2.9 m)[3]
Crew	4 (Commander, gunner, loader, driver)
Elevation	+19.5° / -8°[3]
Armor	7039 aluminium alloy hull with Rolled homogeneous steel turret[3]
Main armament	M81E1 Rifled 152 mm Gun/Launcher 20 rounds 9 MGM-51 Shillelagh missiles[3]
Secondary armament	1× .50 cal (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun with 1,000 rounds 1× .30 cal (7.62 mm) M73/M219 co-axial machine gun (later replaced by the M240C) with 3,000 rounds
Engine	Detroit Diesel (General Motors) 6V53T, 6 cylinder, turbocharged diesel[3] 300 hp (220 kW) at 2800 rpm[3]
Power/weight	17.9 hp/ST (14.7 kW/t)[3]
Transmission	XTG-250-1A
Suspension	flat track, Torsion bar suspension
Ground clearance	19 in (48.3 cm)[3]
Operational range	350 mi (560 km)
Maximum speed	Road: 43 mph (69 km/h) Swimming: 5.8 km/h (3.6 mph)

The M551 "Sheridan" AR/AAV (Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle) was a light tank developed by the United States and named after General Philip Sheridan, of American Civil War fame. It was designed to be landed by parachute and to swim across rivers. It was armed with the technically advanced but troublesome M81/M81 Modified/M81E1 152 mm gun/launcher, which fired both conventional ammunition and the MGM-51 Shillelagh guided anti-tank missile.

The M551 Sheridan entered service with the United States Army in 1967. At the urging of General Creighton Abrams, the U.S. Commander, Military Assistance Command Vietnam, at the time, the M551 was rushed into combat service to South Vietnam in January 1969. Later that year, M551s were deployed to units in Europe and South Korea.^[4] The Sheridan saw extensive combat in the Vietnam War from 1969 to 1973. However, problems with the platform became evident, particularly its poor survivability and reliability.

Based on its experiences in Vietnam, the Army realized the shortcomings of the Sheridan, and after the war in 1975 began to eliminate the vehicle from its units in 1979. A modest fleet of vehicles remained in the 82nd Airborne Division and the National Guard. Various improvement programs were successfully undertaken to improve the Sheridan's reliability. Problems persisted with the 152 mm gun/launcher, and various efforts explored to replace it with a more conventional model. The Sheridan went on to serve in the invasion of Panama and the Gulf War. The Army sought to replace the Sheridan with the M8 Armored Gun System, but this was canceled in 1996, late in its development. The Sheridan was retired without a designated replacement in 1996. The Army acquired the M1128 mobile gun system to fulfill a similar requirement, but this is being retired in 2022.^{[needs update]} The Army's current light tank acquisition program is Mobile Protected Firepower.

A large number of Sheridans were retained in service at the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California and as Armor Officer Basic training at Armor Training Center, then located at Fort Knox, Kentucky. They worked as simulated Soviet armored opposition force (OPFOR) to train U.S. military units on simulated tank on tank armored combat to test on combat effectiveness in a desert environment. They were retired from the NTC in 2003.^[5]