Made in China 2025

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Made in China 2025 (MIC25,[1] MIC 2025,[2] or MIC2025; Chinese: 中国制造2025; pinyin: Zhōngguózhìzào èrlíng'èrwǔ)[3][4] is a national strategic plan and industrial policy[5] of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to further develop the manufacturing sector of China, issued by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's cabinet in May 2015.[6] As part of the thirteenth and fourteenth five-year plans, China aims to move away from being the "world's factory"—a producer of cheap low-tech goods facilitated by lower labour costs and supply chain advantages. The industrial policy aims to upgrade the manufacturing capabilities of Chinese industries, growing from labor-intensive workshops into a more technology-intensive powerhouse with more value added.[7]

Made in China 2025's goals include increasing the Chinese-domestic content of core materials to 40 percent by 2020 and 70 percent by 2025.[8] To help achieve independence from foreign suppliers, the initiative encourages increased production in high-tech products and services, with its semiconductor industry central to the industrial plan, partly because advances in chip technology may "lead to breakthroughs in other areas of technology, handing the advantage to whoever has the best chips – an advantage that currently is out of Beijing’s reach."[4][9][10][11]

Since 2018, following a backlash from the United States, Europe, and elsewhere, the phrase "MIC 2025" has been de-emphasized in government and other official communications,[12][13] while the program remains in place. The Chinese government continues to invest heavily in identified technologies.[12] In 2018, the Chinese government committed to investing roughly US$300 billion into achieving the industrial plan.[11] In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, at least an additional $1.4 trillion was also invested into MIC 2025 initiatives.[14] Given China's current middle income country status, the practicality of its disproportionate expenditure on pioneering new technologies has been called into question.[15][16]

On October 2024, Bloomberg published an article titled, "US Efforts to Contain Xi’s Push for Tech Supremacy Are Faltering" and indicated that China's "Made in China 2025" initiative has largely succeeded, with China achieving a leadership position in five out of 13 key technologies, which includes high speeds rail, graphene, unmanned aerial vehicles, solar panels, and electric vehicles and lithium batteries, as well as rapid progress in seven others. It concludes that this progress underscores China's increasing influence in industries critical to future economic growth.[17]

  1. ^ "What is the 2019 biggest tech trend in China?". Red Digital. July 16, 2020. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  2. ^ "Made in China 2025: The Industrial Plan that China Doesn't Want Anyone Talking About". PBS. May 7, 2020. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  3. ^ Made in China 2025 Archived December 29, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. CSIS, June 1, 2015.
  4. ^ a b Chan, Elaine (September 24, 2020). "'Made in China 2025': how new technologies could help Beijing achieve its dream of becoming a semiconductor giant". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  5. ^ "Made in China 2025: Global Ambitions Built on Local Protections" (PDF). United States Chamber of Commerce. March 16, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  6. ^ "Made in China 2025" plan unveiled to boost manufacturing Archived July 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. China News Service, May 2015.
  7. ^ "China to invest big in 'Made in China 2025' strategy". english.gov.cn. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  8. ^ Curran, Enda (February 15, 2017). "From 'Made in China' to 'Made by China for China'". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  9. ^ "China memory chip output zooms from zero to 5% of world total". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  10. ^ "Taiwan loses 3,000 chip engineers to 'Made in China 2025'". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  11. ^ a b Fang, Jason; Walsh, Michael (April 29, 2018). "What is Made in China 2025 and why is the world concerned about it?". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  12. ^ a b Doshi, Rush (July 31, 2020). "The United States, China, and the contest for the Fourth Industrial Revolution". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  13. ^ "Beijing eases back on 'Made in China 2025' amid trade talks with U.S." Reuters. December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  14. ^ "Analysis | China Is Winning the Trillion-Dollar 5G War". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lynne Rienner Publishers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Magnier, Mark (March 7, 2017). "China's Latest Industrial Policy Is a Waste and a Challenge, Business Group Says". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  17. ^ "US Efforts to Contain Xi's Push for Tech Supremacy Are Faltering". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved October 31, 2024.