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Mahāyāna (/ˌmɑːhəˈjɑːnə/ MAH-hə-YAH-nə; Sanskrit: महायान, pronounced [mɐɦaːˈjaːnɐ], is literally translated as the Great Vehicle, one of the three main existing vehicles (yanas) of Buddhism. The Mahayana uses primarily the Sutra teachings of Buddhist philosophy, and their later commentaries from the 5th century BCE onwards. The other two vehicles are the Theravāda (or Hinayana), and the Vajrayāna.[1] Mahāyāna adheres to the main scriptures and teachings of early Buddhism, but also recognizes various doctrines and texts that are not accepted by Theravada Buddhism as original. These include the Mahāyāna sūtras and their emphasis on the bodhisattva path and the Prajnaparamita.[2] The Vajrayāna, or the Mantrayana, was also taught by the Buddha, and makes use of numerous tantric methods to help achieve Buddhahood.[1]
Mahāyāna also refers to the path of the bodhisattva striving to become a fully awakened Buddha for the benefit of all sentient beings, and is thus also called the "Bodhisattva Vehicle" (Bodhisattvayāna).[3][note 1] Mahāyāna Buddhism generally sees the goal of becoming a Buddha through the bodhisattva path as being available to all and sees the state of the arhat as incomplete.[4] Mahāyāna also includes numerous Buddhas and bodhisattvas that are not found in Theravada (such as Amitābha and Vairocana).[5] Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy also promotes unique theories, such as the Madhyamaka theory of emptiness (śūnyatā), the Vijñānavāda ("the doctrine of consciousness" also called "mind-only"), and the Buddha-nature teaching.
While initially a small movement in India, Mahāyāna eventually grew to become an influential force in Indian Buddhism.[6] Large scholastic centers associated with Mahāyāna such as Nalanda and Vikramashila thrived between the 7th and 12th centuries.[6] In the course of its history, Mahāyāna Buddhism spread from South Asia to East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Himalayan regions. Various Mahāyāna traditions are the predominant forms of Buddhism found in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam, and Malaysia.[7] Since Vajrayāna is a tantric form of Mahāyāna, Mahāyāna Buddhism is also dominant in Tibet, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Bhutan, and other Himalayan regions. It has also been traditionally present elsewhere in Asia as a minority among Buddhist communities in Nepal, Malaysia, Indonesia and regions with Asian diaspora communities.
As of 2010, the Mahāyāna tradition was the largest major tradition of Buddhism, with 53% of Buddhists belonging to East Asian Mahāyāna and 6% to Vajrayāna, compared to 36% to Theravada.[8]
- ^ a b Harvey (2013), p. 189.
- ^ Harvey (2013), pp. 108-109.
- ^ Damien Keown (2003), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, p. 38
- ^ Harvey (2013), p. 111.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Williams-2008fwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher Hugh; Kawanami, Hiroko, eds. (2016). Religions in the modern world: traditions and transformations (Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-85880-9. OCLC 916409066.
- ^ Foltz, Richard (2013). Religions of Iran:From Prehistory to the Present. Oneworld Publications. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-78074-309-7. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
In the centuries before the Arab conquests Buddhism was spread throughout the eastern Iranian world. Buddhist sites have been found in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, as well as within Iran itself.
- ^ Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography (PDF). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
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