Malagasy Uprising

Malagasy Uprising
Part of the wars of national liberation and decolonisation of Africa
The Malagasy Uprising against French colonial rule, which began on 29 March 1947, is commemorated by a national monument in Moramanga.
Date 29 March 1947 – February 1949 Location Madagascar Result Uprising crushed by French forces, various Malagasy participants tried and executed.
Belligerents
France French colonial empire PADESM (limited involvement)	Malagasy secret societies Vy Vato Sakelika Jiny Panama Local militias MDRM (limited involvement) Supported by:  United Kingdom (disputed; French intelligence claims)[1]
Commanders and leaders
Jules Marcel de Coppet (High Commissioner until Dec. 1947) Pierre Gabriel de Chevigné (High Commissioner from Feb. 1948)	Victorien Razafindrabe (DOW) Michel Radaoroson † Lehoaha  Ralaivao (POW) Monja Jaona (POW) Samuel Rakotondrabe Tata Max [2]
Strength
18,000 (1947) 30,000 (1948)	initially 2,000, later hundreds of thousands[3]
Casualties and losses
590 French soldiers killed	Unknown
11,342 to 89,000 (Quasi-Median estimate of 30,000 to 40,000) Malagasy civilians and combatants killed; 240 French civilians killed

The Malagasy Uprising (French: Insurrection malgache; Malagasy: Tolom-bahoaka tamin' ny 1947) was a Malagasy nationalist rebellion against French colonial rule in Madagascar, lasting from March 1947 to February 1949. Starting in late 1945, Madagascar's first French National Assembly deputies, Joseph Raseta, Joseph Ravoahangy [mg; ru] and Jacques Rabemananjara of the Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache (MDRM) political party, led an effort to achieve independence for Madagascar through legal channels. The failure of this initiative and the harsh response it drew from the Socialist Ramadier administration radicalized elements of the Malagasy population, including leaders of several militant nationalist secret societies.^[4]

On the evening of 29 March 1947, coordinated surprise attacks were launched by Malagasy nationalists, armed mainly with spears, against military bases and French-owned plantations in the eastern part of the island concentrated around Moramanga and Manakara. The nationalist cause was rapidly adopted in the south and spread to the central highlands and the capital of Antananarivo by the following month, with the number of Malagasy nationalist fighters estimated at over one million.^[5]

By May 1947, the French began to counter the nationalists. The French tripled the number of troops on the island to 18,000, primarily by transferring soldiers from French colonies elsewhere in Africa. The colonial authorities sought to fight on the physical and psychological fronts and engaged in a variety of terror tactics designed to demoralize the population. The French military force carried out mass execution, torture, war rape, torching of entire villages, collective punishment and other atrocities such as throwing live Malagasy prisoners out of airplanes (death flights).

The estimated number of Malagasy casualties varies from a low of 11,000 to a high of over 100,000. The nationalists killed approximately 550 French nationals, as well as 1,900 Malagasy auxiliary men of the French army. By August 1948, the majority of the nationalist leaders were killed or captured, and the Uprising was effectively put down by December 1948, though the last armed resistance was only defeated in February 1949.

The violent repression of the nationalist insurgency left deep scars in Malagasy society. A generation of the managerial class was wiped out, creating challenges for the country when it achieved independence in 1960. Madagascar's first three deputies were arrested, tortured and kept in prison until they were given amnesty in 1958. Another leader who survived the conflict, Monja Jaona, was also jailed for nine years and then founded the Madagascar for the Malagasy Party (MONIMA), which has had considerable influence on Malagasy politics. France classified most documents related to the Uprising, and the French government maintained silence on the subject until French president Jacques Chirac termed it "unacceptable" during an official visit to Madagascar in 2005. Several Malagasy directors have set films in the period of the Uprising. In 1967, the Malagasy government declared 29 March an annual holiday, and in 2012, a museum dedicated to the Uprising was inaugurated in Moramanga.