Male contraceptive

Male contraceptives, also known as male birth control, are methods of preventing pregnancy by interrupting the function of sperm.[1] The main forms of male contraception available today are condoms, vasectomy, and withdrawal, which together represented 20% of global contraceptive use in 2019.[2][3][4][5] New forms of male contraception are in clinical and preclinical stages of research and development, but as of 2024, none have reached regulatory approval for widespread use.[6][7][8][9]

These new methods include topical creams, daily pills, injections, long-acting implants, and external devices, and these products have both hormonal and non-hormonal mechanisms of action.[6][10][11][12][13][14][15] Some of these new contraceptives could even be unisex, or usable by any person, because they could theoretically incapacitate mature sperm in the man's body before ejaculation, or incapacitate sperm in the body of a woman after insemination.[16][17]

  1. ^ "FAQS". Male Contraceptive Initiative. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
  2. ^ "Contraceptive Use by Method 2019" (PDF). United Nations.
  3. ^ "Contraceptive Use in the United States by Method". Guttmacher Institute. 7 April 2021.
  4. ^ Haakenstad A, Angelino O, Irvine CM, Bhutta ZA, Bienhoff K, Bintz C, et al. (July 2022). "Measuring contraceptive method mix, prevalence, and demand satisfied by age and marital status in 204 countries and territories, 1970-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019". Lancet. 400 (10348): 295–327. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00936-9. PMC 9304984. PMID 35871816.
  5. ^ Daniels K, Abma JC (2023-12-12). Contraceptive Methods Women Have Ever Used: United States, 2015-2019 (Report). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.). doi:10.15620/cdc:134502.
  6. ^ a b "What Is In Development". Male Contraceptive Initiative. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
  7. ^ Gorvett Z. "The weird reasons there still isn't a male contraceptive pill". BBC Future.
  8. ^ Gibbens S (2023-03-03). "Birth control options for men are advancing. Here's how they work". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  9. ^ Barber R (Dec 4, 2022). "In the hunt for a male contraceptive, scientists look to stop sperm in their tracks". National Public Radio. Retrieved Oct 12, 2023.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Amory_2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Clinical trial number NCT02927210 for was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nguyen_2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference ReferenceA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Soufir_2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Long_2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lishko_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Skinner_2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).