Mali

For other uses, see Mali (disambiguation).

Republic of Mali
Official names
  • Bambara:Mali ka Fasojamana / ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ[1]
    Fula:Republik bu Maali / 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭
    Arabic:جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي (Jumhūriyyet Māli)
    Soninke:Mali Tɔgɔbadugu
    Tamasheq:Tagduda n Mali / ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
    Songhai:Mali Laamaa
Motto: "Un peuple, un but, une foi" (French)
"Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen" (Bambara)
"One people, one goal, one faith"
Anthem: "Le Mali" (French)
Location of Mali (green)
Location of Mali (green)
Capital
and largest city
Bamako
12°39′N 8°0′W / 12.650°N 8.000°W / 12.650; -8.000
Official languages13 national languages[2][3]
Working language
Spoken languages
Ethnic groups
Religion
(2021)[7]
Demonym(s)Malian
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic under a military junta[8]
• President
Assimi Goïta (interim)
Abdoulaye Maïga (interim)
LegislatureNational Assembly
Formation
1235
• Establishment of the Sudanese Republic
24 November 1958
• Merger with Senegal to create the Mali Federation
4 April 1959
• Independence from France
20 June 1960
• Dissolution of the Mali Federation
20 August 1960
• Declaration of the Republic of Mali
22 September 1960
Area
• Total
1,240,192 km2 (478,841 sq mi)[9] (23rd)
• Water (%)
1.6
Population
• 2024 estimate
21,990,607[10] (61st)
• Density
11.7/km2 (30.3/sq mi) (215th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $61.625 billion[11] (115th)
• Per capita
Increase $2,639[11] (174th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $21.309 billion[11] (123rd)
• Per capita
Increase $912[11] (175th)
Gini (2010)33.0[12]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Decrease 0.410[13]
low (188th)
CurrencyWest African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Drives onright[14]
Calling code+223
ISO 3166 codeML
Internet TLD.ml

Mali,[c] officially the Republic of Mali,[d] is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi).[9] The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal. The population of Mali is 24,478,595,[15][16] 47.19% of which are estimated to be under the age of 15 in 2024.[17] Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The country has 13 official languages, of which Bambara is the most commonly spoken.

The sovereign state's northern borders reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the Sudanian savanna and has the Niger and Senegal rivers running through it. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining with its most prominent natural resources including gold (of which it is the third largest producer in Africa)[18] and salt.[19]

Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire (for which Ghana is named), the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa[20] with its 14th-century emperor Mansa Musa believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history.[21][22][23] Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of Islam, culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of learning with its university, one of the oldest in the world and still active. The expanding Songhai Empire absorbed the empire in 1468,[not verified in body] followed by a Saadian army which defeated the Songhai in 1591. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan; as the Sudanese Republic, a brief federation with Senegal was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.

In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad.[24] The conflict was complicated by a military coup in March 2012[25] and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched Operation Serval in January 2013.[26] A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict continued. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. In the early 2020s, Mali experienced two military takeovers by Assimi Goïta.

  1. ^ [https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel Académie N’Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ ] Archived 14 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 14 May 2024
  2. ^ "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in French). 22 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali. [Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.]
  3. ^ "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE" (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in French). 21 August 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023. Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...) [According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)]
  4. ^ "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in French). 22 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L'Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail. [Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language.]
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference p6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ "Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". CIA.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  7. ^ "Mali". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  8. ^ Booty, Natasha; Pivac, Mark (23 July 2023). "Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Mali country profile". BBC News. 19 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Mali". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mali)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  12. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  13. ^ "HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  14. ^ Which side of the road do they drive on? Archived 14 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  15. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  16. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  17. ^ "Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019". Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  18. ^ Mali gold reserves rise in 2011 alongside price Archived 21 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 January 2013
  19. ^ Human Development Indices Archived 12 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 6. Retrieved 1 June 2009
  20. ^ "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali)". National Geographic Society. 14 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  21. ^ Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed Archived 5 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  22. ^ "Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived?". BBC News. 10 March 2019. Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  23. ^ "Who is the richest person of all time?". The Week UK. December 2021. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  24. ^ Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North" Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  25. ^ UN Security Council condemns Mali coup Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  26. ^ "Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes". Le Monde. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2013.


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