The "Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals" (Italian: "Manifesto degli Intellettuali del Fascismo", pronounced [maniˈfɛsto deʎʎ intelletˈtwaːli del faʃˈʃizmo; intellettuˈaːli][1][2]), by the actualist philosopher Giovanni Gentile in 1925, formally established the political and ideologic foundations of Italian Fascism.[3] It justifies the political violence of the Blackshirt paramilitaries of the National Fascist Party (PNF — Partito Nazionale Fascista), in the revolutionary realisation of Italian Fascism as the authoritarian and totalitarian rėgime of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy as Il Duce ("The Leader"), from 1922 to 1943.[4][5]
- ^ "Dizionario Italiano online Hoepli - Parola, significato e traduzione".
- ^ "Intellettuale: Significato e definizione - Dizionari".
- ^ Jeffrey T. Schnapp (1996). Fascinating Fascism. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 31, No. 2, Special Issue: The Aesthetics of Fascism (Apr., 1996), pp. 235–244, accessed 4 February 2009.
- ^ Giovanni Gentile (1929). Origini e dottrina del fascismo. Rome, 1929, 69 pp., revised 1934, 105 pp.
- ^ Giovanni Gentile (1928). "Philosophic Basis of Fascism", Foreign Affairs, vol. 6 (January/February) 1928, pp 290-304.