Marcionism

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Marcionism was an early Christian dualistic belief system that originated with the teachings of Marcion of Sinope in Rome around 144 AD.[1] Marcion was an early Christian theologian,[2] evangelist,[2] and an important figure in early Christianity.[2][3] He was the son of a bishop of Sinope in Pontus. About the middle of the 2nd century (140–155) he traveled to Rome, where he joined the Syrian Gnostic Cerdo.[4]

Marcion preached that the benevolent God of the Gospel who sent Jesus Christ into the world as the savior was the true Supreme Being, different and opposed to the malevolent Demiurge or creator god, identified with the Hebrew God of the Old Testament.[2][3][5] He considered himself a follower of Paul the Apostle, whom he believed to have been the only true apostle of Jesus Christ.[2][3]

Marcion's canon, possibly the first Christian canon ever compiled, consisted of eleven books: a gospel, which was a shorter version of the Gospel of Luke, and ten Pauline epistles.[2][3][6] Marcion's canon rejected the entire Old Testament, along with all other epistles and gospels of what would become the 27-book New Testament canon, which during his life had yet to be compiled.[2][3][7][8] Pauline epistles enjoy a prominent position in the Marcionite canon, since Paul was considered by Marcion to be Christ's only true apostle.[2][3][8]

Marcionism was denounced by its opponents as heresy and written against by the early Church Fathers – notably by Tertullian in his five-book treatise Adversus Marcionem (Against Marcion), in about 208.[2][3] Marcion's writings are lost, though they were widely read and numerous manuscripts must have existed.[2][3] Even so, many scholars say it is possible to reconstruct and deduce a large part of ancient Marcionism through what later critics, especially Tertullian, said concerning Marcion.[2][3][9]

  1. ^ 115 years and 6 months from the Crucifixion of Jesus, according to Tertullian's reckoning in Adversus Marcionem, XV.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 95–112. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1. LCCN 2003053097. S2CID 152458823.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dunn, James D. G. (2016). ""The Apostle of the Heretics": Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion". In Porter, Stanley E.; Yoon, David (eds.). Paul and Gnosis. Pauline Studies. Vol. 9. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 105–118. doi:10.1163/9789004316690_008. ISBN 978-90-04-31668-3. LCCN 2016009435. S2CID 171394481.
  4. ^ History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100–325. Marcion and his School by PHILIP SCHAFF [1]
  5. ^ BeDuhn, Jason (2015). "The New Marcion" (PDF). Forum. 3 (Fall 2015): 165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  6. ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. New York: HarperOne. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-06-085951-0.
  7. ^ "Eusebius' Church History". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
  8. ^ a b Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus. pp. 33–34.
  9. ^ Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus. p. 163.