Marcos Japanese ODA scandal

The Marcos Japanese ODA Scandal, referred to in Japan simply as the Marukosu giwaku (マルコス疑惑), or "Marcos scandal",^[1] refers to incidents of alleged corruption linked to Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the Philippines during Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos' administration.

The scandal so preoccupied the Japanese legislature in 1986 that the legislative session of that year earned the nickname of the "Marcos Diet."^[2] The lessons from the Marcos corruption scandals were among the reasons why Japan created its 1992 ODA Charter.^[2]^[3]

^ Hirata, K. (2002-08-16). Civil Society in Japan: The Growing Role of NGO's in Tokyo's Aid and Development Policy. Springer. ISBN 9780230109162.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference JapanForeignRelationsinAsia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Tsunekawa2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Hirata, K. (2002-08-16). Civil Society in Japan: The Growing Role of NGO's in Tokyo's Aid and Development Policy. Springer. ISBN 9780230109162.

[JapanForeignRelationsinAsia-2] Cite error: The named reference JapanForeignRelationsinAsia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Tsunekawa2014-3] Cite error: The named reference Tsunekawa2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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