Marine chemistry

**Total Molar Composition of Seawater (Salinity = 35)**^[1]
Component	Concentration (mol/kg)
H ₂O	53.6
Cl⁻	0.546
Na⁺	0.469
Mg²⁺	0.0528
SO²⁻ ₄	0.0282
Ca²⁺	0.0103
K⁺	0.0102
C_T	0.00206
Br⁻	0.000844
B_T (total boron)	0.000416
Sr²⁺	0.000091
F⁻	0.000068

Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is the study of the chemical composition and processes of the world’s oceans, including the interactions between seawater, the atmosphere, the seafloor, and marine organisms.^[2] This field encompasses a wide range of topics, such as the cycling of elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, the behavior of trace metals, and the study of gases and nutrients in marine environments. Marine chemistry plays a crucial role in understanding global biogeochemical cycles, ocean circulation, and the effects of human activities, such as pollution and climate change, on oceanic systems.^[2] It is influenced by plate tectonics and seafloor spreading, turbidity, currents, sediments, pH levels, atmospheric constituents, metamorphic activity, and ecology.

The impact of human activity on the chemistry of the Earth's oceans has increased over time, with pollution from industry and various land-use practices significantly affecting the oceans. Moreover, increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere have led to ocean acidification, which has negative effects on marine ecosystems. The international community has agreed that restoring the chemistry of the oceans is a priority, and efforts toward this goal are tracked as part of Sustainable Development Goal 14.

Due to the interrelatedness of the ocean, chemical oceanographers frequently work on problems relevant to physical oceanography, geology and geochemistry, biology and biochemistry, and atmospheric science. Many of them are investigating biogeochemical cycles, and the marine carbon cycle in particular attracts significant interest due to its role in carbon sequestration and ocean acidification.^[3] Other major topics of interest include analytical chemistry of the oceans, marine pollution, and anthropogenic climate change.

^ DOE (1994). "5" (PDF). In A.G. Dickson; C. Goyet (eds.). Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water. 2. ORNL/CDIAC-74. Archived 2015-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Pilson, Michael E. Q. (2012). An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139047203. ISBN 978-0-521-88707-6.
^ Gillis, Justin (2012-03-02). "Pace of Ocean Acidification Has No Parallel in 300 Million Years, Paper Says". Green Blog. Retrieved 2020-04-28.

[1] DOE (1994). "5" (PDF). In A.G. Dickson; C. Goyet (eds.). Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water. 2. ORNL/CDIAC-74. Archived 2015-07-18 at the Wayback Machine

[:3-2] Pilson, Michael E. Q. (2012). An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139047203. ISBN 978-0-521-88707-6.

[3] Gillis, Justin (2012-03-02). "Pace of Ocean Acidification Has No Parallel in 300 Million Years, Paper Says". Green Blog. Retrieved 2020-04-28.

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