Mark Twain House

This article is about Twain's adult home. For his childhood homes, see Mark Twain Birthplace State Historic Site and Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum.

Mark Twain House
Map
Interactive map showing the location of Mark Twain House
Location351 Farmington Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut
Coordinates41°46′1.5″N 72°42′5.0″W / 41.767083°N 72.701389°W / 41.767083; -72.701389
Built1874
ArchitectEdward Tuckerman Potter
Architectural styleVictorian Gothic
Websitewww.marktwainhouse.org
Part ofNook Farm and Woodland Street District (ID79002674)
NRHP reference No.66000884
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[2]
Designated NHLDecember 29, 1962[1]
Designated CPNovember 29, 1979

The Mark Twain House and Museum in Hartford, Connecticut, was the home of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) and his family from 1874 to 1891. The Clemens family had it designed by Edward Tuckerman Potter and built in the American High Gothic style.[3] Clemens biographer Justin Kaplan has called it "part steamboat, part medieval fortress and part cuckoo clock."[4]

Clemens wrote many of his best-known works while living there, including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, Life on the Mississippi, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, A Tramp Abroad, and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.[5]

Poor financial investments prompted the Clemens family to move to Europe in 1891.[6] The Panic of 1893 further threatened their financial stability, and Clemens, his wife Olivia, and their middle daughter, Clara, spent the year 1895–96 traveling so that he could lecture and earn the money to pay off their debts. He recounted the trip in Following the Equator (1897). Their other two daughters, Susy and Jean, had stayed behind during this time, and Susy died at home on August 18, 1896, of spinal meningitis before the family could be reunited. They could not bring themselves to reside in the house after this tragedy and spent most of their remaining years living abroad. They sold the house in 1903.

The building later functioned as a school, an apartment building, and a public library branch. In 1929, it was rescued from possible demolition and put under the care of the newly formed non-profit group Mark Twain Memorial. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.[1][7] A restoration effort led to its being opened as a house museum in 1974. In 2003, a multimillion-dollar, LEED-certified visitors' center was built that included a museum dedicated to showcasing Twain's life and work.[8]

The house faced serious financial trouble in 2008 due partly to construction cost overruns related to the new visitors' center,[9] but the museum was helped through publicity about their plight, quick reaction from the state of Connecticut, corporations, and other donors, and a benefit performance organized by writers.[10] Since that time, the museum has reported improved financial conditions, though the recovery was marred by the 2010 discovery of a million-dollar embezzlement by the museum's comptroller, who pleaded guilty and served a jail term.[11]

The museum claimed record-setting attendance levels in 2012.[12] It has featured events such as celebrity appearances by Stephen King, Judy Blume, John Grisham, and others; it has also sponsored writing programs and awards.[13] Also in 2012, the Mark Twain House was named one of the Ten Best Historic Homes in the world in The Ten Best of Everything, a National Geographic Books publication.[14]

  1. ^ a b "Mark Twain House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  3. ^ Courtney, Steve (2011). The Loveliest Home That Ever Was: The Story of the Mark Twain House in Hartford. Dover Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-0486486345.
  4. ^ Kaplan, Justin (1966). Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 181. ISBN 9780671748074.
  5. ^ "Mark Twain Chronology". PBS Learn More website. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Haas31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Blanche Higgins Schroer and J. Walter Coleman (November 6, 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Mark Twain House". National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help). Accompanying 5 photos, exterior and interior, from c.1965, 1968, 1974 and pre-1970 (2.14 MB)
  8. ^ Courtney, Steve (2011). The Loveliest Home That Ever Was: The Story of the Mark Twain House in Hartford. Dover Publications. pp. 123–38. ISBN 978-0486486345.
  9. ^ Tedeschi, Bob (September 19, 2008). "Writers Unite To Keep Twain House Afloat". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  10. ^ Larcen, Donna (January 30, 2009). "Museum in Better Financial Health". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  11. ^ Mahoney, Edward (November 21, 2011). "Twain House Embezzler Sentenced to 3½ years". The Hartford Courant.[dead link]
  12. ^ Goode, Stephen (June 29, 2012). "Mark Twain House Executive Director Resigning". The Hartford Courant.
  13. ^ Goldberg, Carol (February 28, 2014). "Mark Twain House Comeback". Hartford magazine.
  14. ^ Lande, Nathaniel (1991). The 10 Best of Everything, Third Edition: An Ultimate Guide for Travelers. National Geographic Books. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1426208676.