Martian surface

Mars sample return missions have been proposed that would return material from the surface of Mars back to Earth

The study of surface characteristics (or surface properties and processes[1]) is a broad category of Mars science that examines the nature of the materials making up the Martian surface. The study evolved from telescopic and remote-sensing techniques developed by astronomers to study planetary surfaces. However, it has increasingly become a subdiscipline of geology as automated spacecraft bring ever-improving resolution and instrument capabilities. By using characteristics such as color, albedo, and thermal inertia and analytical tools such as reflectance spectroscopy and radar, scientists are able to study the chemistry and physical makeup (e.g., grain sizes, surface roughness, and rock abundances) of the Martian surface. The resulting data help scientists understand the planet's mineral composition and the nature of geological processes operating on the surface. Mars’ surface layer represents a tiny fraction of the total volume of the planet, yet plays a significant role in the planet's geologic history.[2] Understanding physical surface properties is also very important in determining safe landing sites for spacecraft.[3]

  1. ^ Kieffer, H.H. et al. (1992). Mars. University of Arizona Press: Tucson, Part IV.
  2. ^ Christensen, P.K.; Moore, H.J. (1992). The Martian Surface Layer, in Kieffer, H.H. et al., Eds. Mars. University of Arizona Press: Tucson, p. 686.
  3. ^ Golombek, M.P.; McSween, H.Y. (2007). Mars: Landing site Geology Mineralogy and Geochemistry, in Encyclopedia of the Solar System, 2nd ed., McFadden, L.-A. et al. Eds. Elsevier: San Diego, CA, p.333-334