Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria

Maximilian I
Portrait by Joachim von Sandrart (1643)
Duke of Bavaria
Reign15 October 1597 – 25 February 1623
PredecessorWilliam V
Elector Palatine
Reign23 February 1623 – 24 October 1648
PredecessorFrederick V
SuccessorCharles I Louis
Elector of Bavaria
Reign25 February 1623 – 27 September 1651
SuccessorFerdinand Maria
Born17 April 1573
Munich, Duchy of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire
Died27 September 1651(1651-09-27) (aged 78)
Ingolstadt, Electorate of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire
Burial
Spouses
(m. 1595; died 1635)
(m. 1635)
IssueFerdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria
Duke Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus
HouseWittelsbach
FatherWilliam V, Duke of Bavaria
MotherRenata of Lorraine
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignatureMaximilian I's signature

Maximilian I (17 April 1573 – 27 September 1651), occasionally called the Great, a member of the House of Wittelsbach, ruled as Duke of Bavaria from 1597. His reign was marked by the Thirty Years' War during which he obtained the title of a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire at the 1623 Diet of Regensburg.

Maximilian was a capable monarch who, by overcoming the feudal rights of the local estates (Landstände), laid the foundations for absolutist rule in Bavaria. A devout Catholic, he was one of the leading proponents of the Counter-Reformation and founder of the Catholic League of Imperial Princes. In the Thirty Years' War, he was able to conquer the Upper Palatinate region, as well as the Electoral Palatinate affiliated with the electoral dignity of his Wittelsbach cousin, the "Winter King" Frederick V. The 1648 Peace of Westphalia affirmed his possession of Upper Palatinate and the hereditary electoral title, though it returned the Electoral Palatinate to Frederick's heir and created an eighth electoral dignity for them.