Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs ) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen .[ 1] [ 2] Unlike nuclear estrogen receptors , which mediate their effects via slower genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors that rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades .[ 3] [ 4]
Nuclear estrogen receptors such as ERα and ERβ become mERs through palmitoylation , a post-translational modification that enhances ER association with caveolin-1 to enable trafficking of ERs to the membrane or membrane caveolae .[ 5] [ 6] Other putative mERs include GPER (GPR30), GPRC6A , ER-X , ERx and Gq -mER .[ 3] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9]
ERα/ERβ becoming mERs through trafficking to the membrane by caveolins, following palmitoylation.
^ Soltysik K, Czekaj P (April 2013). "Membrane estrogen receptors - is it an alternative way of estrogen action?". Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology . 64 (2): 129–142. PMID 23756388 .
^ Micevych PE, Kelly MJ (2012). "Membrane estrogen receptor regulation of hypothalamic function" . Neuroendocrinology . 96 (2): 103–110. doi :10.1159/000338400 . PMC 3496782 . PMID 22538318 .
^ a b Micevych PE, Mermelstein PG (August 2008). "Membrane estrogen receptors acting through metabotropic glutamate receptors: an emerging mechanism of estrogen action in brain" . Molecular Neurobiology . 38 (1): 66–77. doi :10.1007/s12035-008-8034-z . PMC 2663000 . PMID 18670908 .
^ Razandi M, Pedram A, Greene GL, Levin ER (February 1999). "Cell membrane and nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) originate from a single transcript: studies of ERalpha and ERbeta expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells" . Molecular Endocrinology . 13 (2): 307–319. doi :10.1210/mend.13.2.0239 . PMID 9973260 .
^ Razandi M, Alton G, Pedram A, Ghonshani S, Webb P, Levin ER (March 2003). "Identification of a structural determinant necessary for the localization and function of estrogen receptor alpha at the plasma membrane" . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 23 (5): 1633–1646. doi :10.1128/MCB.23.5.1633-1646.2003 . PMC 151696 . PMID 12588983 .
^ Levin ER (December 2009). "Plasma membrane estrogen receptors" . Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism . 20 (10): 477–482. doi :10.1016/j.tem.2009.06.009 . PMC 3589572 . PMID 19783454 .
^ Micevych PE, Kelly MJ (2012). "Membrane estrogen receptor regulation of hypothalamic function" . Neuroendocrinology . 96 (2): 103–110. doi :10.1159/000338400 . PMC 3496782 . PMID 22538318 .
^ Pi M, Parrill AL, Quarles LD (December 2010). "GPRC6A mediates the non-genomic effects of steroids" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 285 (51): 39953–39964. doi :10.1074/jbc.M110.158063 . PMC 3000977 . PMID 20947496 .
^ Arnal JF, Lenfant F, Metivier R, Flouriot G, Henrion D, Adlanmerini M, et al. (July 2017). "Membrane and Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Alpha Actions: From Tissue Specificity to Medical Implications". Physiological Reviews . 97 (3): 1045–1087. doi :10.1152/physrev.00024.2016 . PMID 28539435 . S2CID 42396301 .