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| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
Methanol[1] | |||
| Other names
Carbinol
Columbian spirits Hydroxymethane MeOH Methyl alcohol Methyl hydrate Methyl hydroxide Methylic alcohol Methylol Methylene hydrate, primary alcohol Pyroligneous spirit Wood alcohol Wood naphtha Wood spirit | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
|
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| 3DMet | |||
| 1098229 | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChEMBL | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.599 | ||
| EC Number |
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| 449 | |||
| KEGG | |||
| MeSH | Methanol | ||
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |||
| UN number | 1230 | ||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| CH3OH | |||
| Molar mass | 32.042 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colourless liquid | ||
| Odor | Faint and similar to ethanol | ||
| Density | 0.792 g/cm3[2] | ||
| Melting point | −97.6 °C (−143.7 °F; 175.6 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 64.7 °C (148.5 °F; 337.8 K) | ||
| miscible | |||
| log P | −0.69 | ||
| Vapor pressure | 13.02 kPa (at 20 °C) | ||
| Acidity (pKa) | 15.5[3] | ||
| Conjugate acid | Methyloxonium[4] | ||
| Conjugate base | Methanolate[5] | ||
| −21.40·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
Refractive index (nD)
|
1.33141[6] | ||
| Viscosity | 0.545 mPa·s (at 25 °C)[7] | ||
| 1.69 D | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
| 725.7 kJ/mol, 173.4 kcal/mol, 5.77 kcal/g | |||
| Hazards[12][13] | |||
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards
|
Methanol and its vapours are flammable.
Moderately toxic for small animals – Highly toxic to large animals and humans (in high concentrations) – May be fatal/lethal or cause blindness and damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart if swallowed – Toxicity effects from repeated over exposure have an accumulative effect on the central nervous system, especially the optic nerve – Symptoms may be delayed, become severe after 12 to 18 hours, and linger for several days after exposure[9] | ||
| GHS labelling: | |||
   [8]
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| Danger[8] | |||
| H225, H301, H302, H305, H311, H331, H370[8] | |||
| P210, P233, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P310, P311, P312, P337+P313, P361, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, P501[8] | |||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
| Flash point | 11 to 12 °C (52 to 54 °F; 284 to 285 K) | ||
| 470 °C (878 °F; 743 K)[15] 385 °C (725 °F; 658 K)[16] | |||
| Explosive limits | 6–36%[10] | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose)
|
5628 mg/kg (rat, oral) 7300 mg/kg (mouse, oral) 12880 mg/kg (rat, oral) 14200 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)[11] | ||
LC50 (median concentration)
|
64,000 ppm (rat, 4 h)[11] | ||
LCLo (lowest published)
|
33,082 ppm (cat, 6 h) 37,594 ppm (mouse, 2 h)[11] | ||
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
|
TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3)[10] | ||
REL (Recommended)
|
TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (325 mg/m3) [skin][10] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger)
|
6000 ppm[10] | ||
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | [1] | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related compounds
|
Methanethiol Silanol Ethanol | ||
| Supplementary data page | |||
| Methanol (data page) | |||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the chemical formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a light, volatile, colorless and flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odor similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol), but is more acutely toxic than the latter.[17] Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.[18]
Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, as well as a host of more specialised chemicals.[18]
- ^ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 692. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-00648. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
- ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
- ^ Ballinger, P.; Long, F. A. (1960). "Acid Ionization Constants of Alcohols. II. Acidities of Some Substituted Methanols and Related Compounds". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82 (4): 795–798. doi:10.1021/ja01489a008.
- ^ "Methyloxonium". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ "Methanolate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
Methoxide is an organic anion that is the conjugate base of methanol. ... It is a conjugate base of a methanol.
- ^ "RefractiveIndex.INFO – Refractive index database". refractiveindex.info. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ González, Begoña (2007). "Density, dynamic viscosity, and derived properties of binary mixtures of methanol or ethanol with water, ethyl acetate, and methyl acetate at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K". The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 39 (12): 1578–1588. Bibcode:2007JChTh..39.1578G. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2007.05.004.
- ^ a b c d "Methanol" (PDF). Lab Chem. Valtech. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- ^ Toxicity on PubChem Archived 20 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0397". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b c "Methanol". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b "The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Systematic Agent: METHANOL". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ "PubChem: Safety and Hazards - GHS Classification". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ "Methanol Safe Handling Manual" (PDF). Methanol Institute. 2017. p. 253. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ "Technical Information & Safe Handling Guide for Methanol". Methanex Corporation. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012.
- ^ "Methanol Safe Handling Manual" (PDF). Methanol Institute. 2017. p. 243. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (22 August 2008). "The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Methanol". Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Ullmannwas invoked but never defined (see the help page).