Metrovagonmash 81-717/81-714

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Metrovagonmash 81-717/81-714
A trainset of 81-717.5/81-714.5 cars on the Nagatino Metro Bridge in Moscow, 26 August 2010.
In service	1977–present (former USSR)[1] 1978-2009 (Czech Republic, non-modernized)[1] 2000-present (Czech Republic, modernized)[1] 1979-2018 (Hungary, non-modernized)[1] 2016-present (Hungary, modernized) 1995-2023 (Poland, non-modernized)[1] 1998-present (Bulgaria, non-modernized)[1] 2020-present (Bulgaria, modernized) 2007-present (Russia, 81-717.6K/81-714.6K) 2009-present (Russia, 81-717.6/81-714.6)
Manufacturer	Metrovagonmash Mytishchi[1] Vagonmash Sankt Petersburg (formerly Leningrad Railcar Factory named after I. E. Yegorov)[1] Tver (formerly Kalinin) Railcar Factory[1] October Electric Railcar Repair Factory[1]
Family name	81-series
Replaced	G-series
Constructed	1976 (prototype)[1] 1977-1988 (base model)[1] 1977-2021 (with modifications),[1] this period could be prolonged
Entered service	1978 (Moscow and Prague)[1] 1979 (Budapest)[1] 1980 (Saint Petersburg,[1] Kyiv and Tashkent) 1981 (Yerevan) 1983 (Kharkiv) 1984 (Minsk) 1985 (Nizhny Novgorod) 1986 (Novosibirsk) 1987 (Baku, Samara and Tbilisi) 1991 (Yekaterinburg) 1995 (Warsaw[1] and Dnipro) 1998 (Sofia)[1]
Refurbished	81-717/81-714[1] 81-717M/81-714M[1] 81-717.2K/81-714.2K[1] 81-717.4K/81-714.4K 81-717.5/81-714.5[1] 81-717.5M/81-714.5M[1] 81-717.6K/81-714.6K[1] 81-71M[1]
Scrapped	since 2012
Number built	1,042 units (equivalent to 7,409 wagons)[1]
Capacity	330 passengers per wagon[1]
Operators	(see below)
Lines served	Baku Metro,[1] Azerbaijan Budapest Metro,[1] Hungary: Line M3 Dnipro Metro,[1] Ukraine, Kharkiv Metro,[1] Ukraine Kyiv Metro,[1] Ukraine Minsk Metro,[1] Belarus Moscow Metro,[1] Russia: Lines Nizhny Novgorod Metro,[1] Russia Novosibirsk Metro,[1] Russia Prague Metro,[1] Czech Republic Saint Petersburg Metro,[1] Russia: Lines Samara Metro,[1] Russia Sofia Metro,[1] Bulgaria: Lines Tashkent Metro,[1] Uzbekistan, Tbilisi Metro,[1] Georgia Yekaterinburg Metro,[1] Russia Yerevan Metro,[1] Armenia
Specifications
Car length	19,206 mm (63 ft 1⁄8 in)[1]
Width	2,670 mm (8 ft 9+1⁄8 in)[1]
Height	3,650 mm (11 ft 11+3⁄4 in)[1]
Doors	Head car (81-717): 4 by 2 sides + 1 on the aft end of the car and 1 for the driver Intermediate car (81-714): 4 by 2 sides + 2 on both ends of the car
Maximum speed	90 km/h (56 mph) (max achievable speed) [1] 80 km/h (50 mph) (max serviceable speed)
Weight	34 t (33.5 long tons; 37.5 short tons)[1]
Power output	456 kW (612 hp)[1]
Acceleration	1.2 m/s2 (3.9 ft/s2; 4.3 km/(h⋅s))
Deceleration	1.1 m/s2 (3.6 ft/s2; 4.0 km/(h⋅s))
Electric system(s)	750 V[1]
Current collector(s)	third rail, contact shoe
Coupling system	Scharfenberg coupler
Track gauge	1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge[1][2] 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge[3]

The 81-717/81-714 is a Soviet/Russian metro car model and the most produced member of the 81-series, designed in the Soviet Union in the mid-1970s. The cars were made from 1976 to 2014 by Metrovagonmash and the I. E. Yegorov Vagonmash factories of Mytishchi and Saint Petersburg, respectively. Production is still ongoing for specific modifications, and is both the most produced metro train ever, currently being used in 11 countries worldwide, in 19 metropolitans, and having been produced in 24 different modifications in total,^[4] as well as the longest produced metro train ever, with over 7,000 cars having been produced in total so far.^[1]

The names 81-717 and 81-714, also known as “Nomernoy” in some countries, and as “ Vagonmash” in other ones, come from the Soviet electric rail vehicle numbering system, where the 81-717 cars are the control cars and the 81-714 are the trailer cars.^[1] Unlike the previous metro sets made in the Soviet Union, they never received a lettered classification, thus, they have been known as the 81-series or the "Number Trains" (Номерной Поезд). The "number trains", as they are known colloquially among railfans and some commuters, feature restyled front ends, stronger electric traction motors, complex and wider usage of various electronic devices, and are more advanced than their predecessors, the E-series. 81-717/714 cars differ from the E-series in having control desks only in control cars.

They were first deployed in Moscow in 1978,^[1] and have since then seen widespread usage in the former USSR and its satellite states in Prague, Budapest, Warsaw, and Sofia^[1] which are now all in the European Union.