Microvesicle

Transmission electron micrograph of lead citrate stained microvesicles. Black bar is 100 nanometers

Microvesicles (ectosomes, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) that are released from the cell membrane.[1] In multicellular organisms, microvesicles and other EVs are found both in tissues (in the interstitial space between cells) and in many types of body fluids.[2] Delimited by a phospholipid bilayer,[3][4] microvesicles can be as small as the smallest EVs (30 nm in diameter) or as large as 1000 nm. They are considered to be larger, on average, than intracellularly-generated EVs known as exosomes. Microvesicles play a role in intercellular communication and can transport molecules such as mRNA, miRNA, and proteins between cells.[5]

Though initially dismissed as cellular debris, microvesicles may reflect the antigenic content of the cell of origin and have a role in cell signaling. Like other EVs, they have been implicated in numerous physiologic processes, including anti-tumor effects, tumor immune suppression, metastasis, tumor-stroma interactions, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration.[6][7][8][9] Microvesicles may also remove misfolded proteins, cytotoxic agents and metabolic waste from the cell. Changes in microvesicle levels may indicate diseases including cancer.[10][11]

  1. ^ Yáñez-Mó M, Siljander PR, Andreu Z, Zavec AB, Borràs FE, Buzas EI, Buzas K, Casal E, Cappello F, Carvalho J, Colás E, Cordeiro-da Silva A, Fais S, Falcon-Perez JM, Ghobrial IM, Giebel B, Gimona M, Graner M, Gursel I, Gursel M, Heegaard NH, Hendrix A, Kierulf P, Kokubun K, Kosanovic M, Kralj-Iglic V, Krämer-Albers EM, Laitinen S, Lässer C, Lener T, Ligeti E, Linē A, Lipps G, Llorente A, Lötvall J, Manček-Keber M, Marcilla A, Mittelbrunn M, Nazarenko I, Nolte-'t Hoen EN, Nyman TA, O'Driscoll L, Olivan M, Oliveira C, Pállinger É, Del Portillo HA, Reventós J, Rigau M, Rohde E, Sammar M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Santarém N, Schallmoser K, Ostenfeld MS, Stoorvogel W, Stukelj R, Van der Grein SG, Vasconcelos MH, Wauben MH, De Wever O (2015). "Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions". J Extracell Vesicles. 4: 27066. doi:10.3402/jev.v4.27066. PMC 4433489. PMID 25979354.
  2. ^ van der Pol, E.; Böing, A. N.; Gool, E. L.; Nieuwland, R. (1 January 2016). "Recent developments in the nomenclature, presence, isolation, detection and clinical impact of extracellular vesicles". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 14 (1): 48–56. doi:10.1111/jth.13190. PMID 26564379.
  3. ^ Camussi G, Deregibus MC, Bruno S, Cantaluppi V, Biancone L (November 2010). "Exosomes/microvesicles as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication". Kidney International. 78 (9): 838–48. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.278. PMID 20703216.
  4. ^ van der Pol, E; Böing, AN; Harrison, P; Sturk, A; Nieuwland, R (July 2012). "Classification, functions, and clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles". Pharmacological Reviews. 64 (3): 676–705. doi:10.1124/pr.112.005983. PMID 22722893. S2CID 7764903.
  5. ^ Balaj, L.; Lessard, R.; Dai, L.; Cho, Y. J.; Pomeroy, S. L.; Breakefield, X. O.; Skog, J. (2011). "Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences". Nature Communications. 2 (2): 180. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..180B. doi:10.1038/ncomms1180. PMC 3040683. PMID 21285958.
  6. ^ Ratajczak, J.; Miekus, K.; Kucia, M.; Zhang, J.; Reca, R.; Dvorak, P.; Ratajczak, M. Z. (2006). "Embryonic stem cell-derived microvesicles reprogram hematopoietic progenitors: evidence for horizontal transfer of mRNA and protein delivery". Leukemia. 20 (5): 847–856. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2404132. PMID 16453000.
  7. ^ Hunter, M.; Ismail, N.; Zhang, X.; Aguda, B.; Lee, E.; Yu, L.; Xiao, T.; Schafer, J.; Lee, M.; Schmittgen, T. D.; Nana-Sinkam, S. P.; Jarjoura, D.; Marsh, C. B. (2008). Lo, Yuk Ming Dennis (ed.). "Detection of microRNA Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Microvesicles". PLOS ONE. 3 (11): e3694. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3694H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003694. PMC 2577891. PMID 19002258.
  8. ^ Aliotta, J.; Pereira, M.; Johnson, K.; De Paz, N.; Dooner, M.; Puente, N.; Ayala, C.; Brilliant, K.; Berz, D.; Lee, D.; Ramratnam, B.; McMillan, P. N.; Hixson, D. C.; Josic, D.; Quesenberry, P. J. (2010). "Microvesicle entry into marrow cells mediates tissue-specific changes in mRNA by direct delivery of mRNA and induction of transcription". Experimental Hematology. 38 (3): 233–245. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2010.01.002. PMC 2829939. PMID 20079801.
  9. ^ Castellana, D.; Zobairi, F.; Martinez, M. C.; Panaro, M. A.; Mitolo, V.; Freyssinet, J. -M.; Kunzelmann, C. (2009). "Membrane Microvesicles as Actors in the Establishment of a Favorable Prostatic Tumoral Niche: A Role for Activated Fibroblasts and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Axis". Cancer Research. 69 (3): 785–793. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1946. PMID 19155311.
  10. ^ Dhondt, Bert; Rousseau, Quentin; De Wever, Olivier; Hendrix, An (2016-06-11). "Function of extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs in metastasis". Cell and Tissue Research. 365 (3): 621–641. doi:10.1007/s00441-016-2430-x. hdl:1854/LU-7250365. ISSN 0302-766X. PMID 27289232. S2CID 2746182.
  11. ^ Williams, C.; Royo, F.; Aizpurua-Olaizola, O.; Pazos, R.; Boons, G-J.; Reichardt, N-C.; Falcon-Perez, J.M. (2018). "Glycosylation of extracellular vesicles: current knowledge, tools and clinical perspectives". Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 7 (1): 1442985. doi:10.1080/20013078.2018.1442985. PMC 5844028. PMID 29535851.