Mikheil Saakashvili

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Mikheil Saakashvili
მიხეილ სააკაშვილი Міхеіл Саакашвілі
Saakashvili in 2017
3rd President of Georgia
In office 20 January 2008 – 17 November 2013
Prime Minister	Lado Gurgenidze Grigol Mgaloblishvili Nika Gilauri Vano Merabishvili Bidzina Ivanishvili
Preceded by	Nino Burjanadze (acting)
Succeeded by	Giorgi Margvelashvili
In office 25 January 2004 – 25 November 2007
Prime Minister	Zurab Zhvania Himself (acting) Zurab Nogaideli Giorgi Baramidze (acting) Lado Gurgenidze
Preceded by	Nino Burjanadze (acting)
Succeeded by	Nino Burjanadze (acting)
10th Governor of Odesa Oblast
In office 30 May 2015 – 9 November 2016[1]
Preceded by	Ihor Palytsia
Succeeded by	Maksym Stepanov[2]
Minister of Justice of Georgia
In office 12 October 2000 – 19 September 2001
President	Eduard Shevardnadze
Prime Minister	Giorgi Arsenishvili
Preceded by	John Khetsuriani
Succeeded by	Roland Giligashvili
Prime Minister of Georgia
Acting
In office 3 February 2005 – 17 February 2005
President	Himself
Preceded by	Zurab Zhvania
Succeeded by	Zurab Noghaideli
Member of the Parliament of Georgia
In office 6 November 2001 – 22 November 2002
In office 25 November 1995 – 2 March 2001
Chairman of the Tbilisi City Assembly
In office 4 November 2001 – 2003
Chair of Union of Citizens Faction in the Parliament of Georgia
In office 15 September 1998 – 20 November 1999
In office 27 November 1999 – 10 October 2000
Chair of Legal Issues Committee in the Parliament of Georgia
In office 27 November 1995 – 15 September 1998
Chairman of the United National Movement
In office 2001 – 5 December 2015
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Grigol Vashadze
Honorary Chairman of the United National Movement
Incumbent
Assumed office 24 March 2019
Preceded by	position established
Personal details
Born	(1967-12-21) 21 December 1967 (age 56) Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union
Citizenship	Soviet (1967–1991) Georgian (1991–2015; 2021-present) Ukrainian (2015–2017; 2019–2021) Stateless (2017–2019)[3][4]
Political party	Movement of New Forces[5] (2017–present) United National Movement (2001–present) Union of Citizens of Georgia (1995–2001)
Spouse	Sandra Roelofs ​ (m. 1994)​ [6]
Children	4
Education	National University of Kyiv Columbia University George Washington University International Institute of Human Rights
Signature
Website	saakashvilimikheil.com

Mikheil Saakashvili^{[nb 1]} (Georgian: მიხეილ სააკაშვილი [miχeˈil saakʼaˈʃʷili]; Ukrainian: Міхеіл Саакашвілі [m⁽ʲ⁾ixeˈil sɐɐkɐʃˈwil⁽ʲ⁾i]; born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician and jurist.^[7][8] He was the third president of Georgia for two consecutive terms from 25 January 2004 to 17 November 2013. From May 2015 until November 2016, Saakashvili was the governor of Ukraine's Odesa Oblast.^[1][9] He is the founder and former chairman of the United National Movement party. Saakashvili heads the executive committee of Ukraine's National Reform Council since 7 May 2020.^[10] In 2021 he began serving a six-year prison sentence in Georgia on charges of abuse of power and organization of an assault occasioning grievous bodily harm against an opposition lawmaker Valery Gelashvili.^[11]

Saakashvili entered Georgian politics in 1995. He served as member of parliament and minister of justice under President Eduard Shevardnadze. Saakashvili later moved to opposition, establishing the United National Movement party. In 2003, Saakashvili became a leading opposition figure who accused the government of rigging the 2003 Georgian parliamentary election, spearheading mass protests which saw President Shevardnadze resign from his post in the bloodless Rose Revolution. Saakashvili's key role in the protests led to him being elected as the President in 2004. He was later reelected as President in 2008. However, his party suffered defeat in the 2012 Georgian parliamentary election, while Saakashvili was barred by the constitution of Georgia from seeking a third term in the 2013 presidential election, which was also won by the opposition candidate.

During his tenure as president, Saakashvili oversaw police, military, economic and government reforms. As the new Patrol Police department was established, the entire police force was fired and replaced with new one in an effort to root out corruption. The bureaucratic spendings were decreased as several ministries were abolished to cut the government size. Military budget rose to 9.2% of GDP by 2007 to strengthen the nation's defense capability. The government pursued a zero-tolerance policy towards crime. Saakashvili appointed Kakha Bendukidze as the Minister of Economy to implement economic liberalization and rapid privatization. Georgia's economy grew 70% between 2003 and 2013, and per capita income roughly tripled. However, poverty only marginally declined. At the end of Saakashvili's second term, about a quarter of the population was still living below the absolute poverty rate. Georgia's ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International improved dramatically from rank 133 in 2004 to 67 in 2008 and further to 51 in 2012, surpassing several EU countries. The World Bank ranked the country 8th in terms of ease of doing business and named it as the leading economic reformer in the world. The Abkhaz–Georgian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts continued during Saakashvili's presidency and saw a major escalation in 2008, which saw Russia officially announcing its support for separatists in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Saakashvili led Georgia through the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, which ended after five days of fighting by a ceasefire agreement negotiated by the French president Nicolas Sarkozy. The war resulted in Georgia losing all of its possessions in the disputed territories. Russia subsequently recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, while Georgia responded with breaking diplomatic relations.

On the economic front, Saakashvili pursued a neoliberal policy: abolition of the minimum wage, dismissal of 60,000 civil servants, lowering of corporate income tax from 20% to 15%, and dividend tax from 10% to 5%. In 2009, Forbes ranked Georgia as the country with the fourth lowest tax burden in the world.^[12]

During Saakashvili's tenure, Georgia went through several political crises. In 2007, mass demonstrations erupted demanding resignation of Saakashvili. The protests, which were triggered by detention of Georgian politician Irakli Okruashvili, were violently dispersed by the special forces on 7 November 2007. The largest opposition media Imedi TV was raided by the police and transformed into a pro-government channel. Another wave of protests erupted in 2009. In May 2011, the government again violently responded to the opposition protests staged by Saakashvili's former ally Nino Burjanadze. Saakashvili was embroiled in a number of scandals, the most important ones relating to the beating of the opposition politician Valery Gelashvili and the murder of Sandro Girgvliani. In September 2012, the leaked video footage of systemic torture and rape in the Georgian prison system came to light during the Gldani prison scandal. Saakashvili was accused of being behind police brutality and the inhuman treatment of inmates.

Shortly after the 2013 presidential election, Saakashvili left Georgia.^[13] In 2014, the Prosecutor's Office of Georgia filed criminal charges against Saakashvili. In 2018, the Tbilisi City Court sentenced him in absentia to six years in prison for ordering the beating of Valeri Gelashvili and pardoning in prior agreement the individuals tried for Sandro Girgvliani's murder.^[11] Saakashvili continued to manage his party from abroad while accusing the Georgian government of using the legal system as a tool of political retribution.

Saakashvili supported Ukraine's Euromaidan movement and the Revolution of Dignity.^[14] On 30 May 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko appointed Saakashvili as Governor of Odesa Oblast.^[15][16][17] He was also granted Ukrainian citizenship,^[15] and due to restrictions on dual nationality under Georgian law, was stripped of his Georgian citizenship.^[18] On 7 November 2016, Saakashvili resigned as governor while blaming President Poroshenko personally for enabling corruption in Odesa and in Ukraine overall.^[9] Four days later, he announced his goal to create a new political party called Movement of New Forces.^[19][20]

On 26 July 2017, Saakashvili (at the time staying in the US) was stripped of his Ukrainian citizenship by Petro Poroshenko, and became a stateless person.^[21][22] He reentered Ukraine with a group of supporters through Poland but was arrested in February 2018 and deported. Saakashvili moved to the Netherlands, where he was granted permanent residency. On 29 May 2019, he returned to Ukraine after newly elected President Volodymyr Zelenskyy restored his citizenship.^[23][24] On 1 October 2021, Saakashvili announced via Facebook his return to Georgia after an eight-year absence, on the eve of the local elections.^[25][26] Later on the same day Prime Minister of Georgia Irakli Garibashvili held a press briefing announcing that Saakashvili had been arrested in Tbilisi.^[27] According to the investigation, Saakashvili entered the country secretly, hiding in a semi-trailer truck loaded with milk products. He illegally crossed the state border of Georgia, bypassing the customs control.^[28] He was placed in the No. 12 penitentiary facility in Rustavi. President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili stated that she would "never" pardon Saakashvili. He has been transferred to hospital numerous times due to his health condition and since May 2022 is being treated in a civilian clinic in Tbilisi.^[29]

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