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Republic of the United States of Brazil (1964–1967) República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil Federative Republic of Brazil (1967–1985) República Federativa do Brasil | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1964–1985 | |||||||||
.svg) Flag
(1968–1985) .svg) Coat of arms
(1971–1985) | |||||||||
| Motto: "Ordem e Progresso" "Order and Progress" | |||||||||
| Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro (English: "Brazilian National Anthem") | |||||||||
.svg) | |||||||||
| Status | Military dictatorship | ||||||||
| Capital | Brasília | ||||||||
| Common languages | Portuguese | ||||||||
| Religion (1970)[1] |
| ||||||||
| Government | Federal two-party presidential republic under an authoritarian military dictatorship (1964–1966) Federal authoritarian dominant-party presidential republic under military dictatorship (1966–1979) Federal multi-party presidential republic under military dictatorship (1979–1985) | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1964 | Ranieri Mazzilli | ||||||||
• 1964–1967 | Castelo Branco | ||||||||
• 1967–1969 | Costa e Silva | ||||||||
• 1969 | Military Junta | ||||||||
• 1969–1974 | Emílio Garrastazu Médici | ||||||||
• 1974–1979 | Ernesto Geisel | ||||||||
• 1979–1985 | João Figueiredo | ||||||||
| Vice President | |||||||||
• 1964–1967 | José Maria Alkmin | ||||||||
• 1967–1969 | Pedro Aleixo | ||||||||
• 1969–1974 | Augusto Rademaker | ||||||||
• 1974–1979 | Adalberto Pereira dos Santos | ||||||||
• 1979–1985 | Aureliano Chaves | ||||||||
| Legislature | National Congress | ||||||||
| Federal Senate | |||||||||
| Chamber of Deputies | |||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
| 31 March 1964 | |||||||||
| 24 January 1967 | |||||||||
| 13 December 1968 | |||||||||
| 1968–1973 | |||||||||
| 1974–1988 | |||||||||
| 15 March 1985 | |||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1970 | 94,508,583 | ||||||||
• 1980 | 121,150,573 | ||||||||
| HDI (1980) | 0.545[2] low | ||||||||
| Currency | Cruzeiro | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | BR | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The military dictatorship in Brazil (Portuguese: ditadura militar) was established on 1 April 1964, after a coup d'état by the Brazilian Armed Forces, with support from the United States government,[3] against president João Goulart. The Brazilian dictatorship lasted for 21 years, until 15 March 1985.[4]
The coup was planned and executed by the most senior commanders of the Brazilian Army and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with conservative sectors in society, like the Catholic Church[5][6] and anti-communist civilian movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. The military regime, particularly after the Institutional Act No. 5 in 1968, practiced extensive censorship and committed human rights abuses. Those abuses included institutionalized torture, extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances.[7][8] Despite initial pledges to the contrary, the military regime enacted a new, restrictive Constitution in 1967, and stifled freedom of speech and political opposition. The regime adopted nationalism, economic development, and anti-communism as its guidelines.
The military coup was fomented by José de Magalhães Pinto, Adhemar de Barros, and Carlos Lacerda (who had already participated in the conspiracy to depose Getúlio Vargas in 1945), then governors of the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Guanabara, respectively. The U.S. State Department supported the coup through Operation Brother Sam and thereafter supported the regime through its embassy in Brasília.[4][3][9]
The dictatorship reached the height of its popularity in the early 1970s with the so-called "Brazilian Miracle", even as the regime censored all media, and tortured, killed and exiled dissidents. João Figueiredo became president in March 1979; in the same year he passed the Amnesty Law for political crimes committed for and against the regime. While combating the "hardliners" inside the government and supporting a redemocratization policy, Figueiredo could not control the crumbling economy, chronic inflation and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America. Amid massive popular demonstrations on the streets of the main cities of the country, the first free elections in 20 years were held for the national legislature in 1982. In 1985, another election was held, this time to indirectly elect a new president, being contested between civilian candidates for the first time since the 1960s and won by the opposition. In 1988, a new Constitution was passed and Brazil officially returned to democracy.
Brazil's military government provided a model for other military regimes and dictatorships throughout Latin America, being systematized by the so-called "National Security Doctrine",[10] which was used to justify the military's actions as operating in the interest of national security in a time of crisis, creating an intellectual basis upon which other military regimes relied.[10] In 2014, nearly 30 years after the regime collapsed, the Brazilian military recognized for the first time the excesses committed by its agents during the dictatorship, including the torture and murder of political dissidents.[11] In May 2018, the United States government released a memorandum, written by Henry Kissinger, dating back to April 1974 (when he was serving as Secretary of State), confirming that the leadership of the Brazilian military regime was fully aware of the killing of dissidents.[12] It is estimated that 434 people were either confirmed killed or went missing and 20,000 people were tortured during the military dictatorship in Brazil.[13] While some human rights activists and others assert that the true figure could be much higher, and should include thousands of indigenous people who died because of the regime's negligence,[14][15][16] the armed forces have always disputed this.
- ^ "Brazil's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2014" (PDF). hdr.undp.org.
- ^ a b Blakeley, Ruth (2009). "Decolonisation and the Cold War". State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 9781134042463. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "Document No. 12. U.S. Support for the Brazilian Military Coup d'État, 1964" (PDF).
- ^ Gonçalves, Angelo Barreiro (2012). A Igreja Católica e o Golpe de 1964 [The Catholic Church and the 1964 Coup]. 12. Vol. 1. Revista Akropolis. pp. 49–51. ISBN 9788582290651.
- ^ Cancian, Renato (9 March 2014). "Ditadura militar - O papel da Igreja católica" [Military dictatorship - The role of the Catholic Church] (in Portuguese). Educacao.UOL.com.br. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
When the 1964 coup occurred, the most influential authorities of the Catholic Church in Brazil supported military intervention in politics, believing that the government of the deposed president, João Goulart (PTB), was a threat to the current social order because of its alleged reformist leanings.
- ^ Reimão, Sandra (April 2014). "'Proíbo a publicação e circulação...' - censura a livros na ditadura militar". Estudos Avançados (in Portuguese). 28 (80): 75–90. doi:10.1590/S0103-40142014000100008. ISSN 0103-4014.
- ^ "Brazil: Prosecute Dictatorship-Era Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 14 April 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ Parker, Phyllis R. (4 August 2014). Brazil and the Quiet Intervention, 1964. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-0162-3.
- ^ a b Gonzalez, Eduardo (6 December 2011). "Brazil Shatters Its Wall of Silence on the Past". International Center for Transitional Justice. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ "Em documento, Forças Armadas admitem pela primeira vez tortura e mortes durante ditadura" (in Portuguese). O Globo. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ^ "Documento da CIA relata que cúpula do Governo militar brasileiro autorizou execuções" (in Portuguese). El País. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch: ditadura no Brasil torturou 20 mil pessoas; 434 foram mortas ou desapareceram - Política". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ Demetrio, André; Kozicki, Katya; Demetrio, André; Kozicki, Katya (March 2019). "Transitional Injustice For Indigenous Peoples From Brazil". Revista Direito e Práxis. 10 (1): 129–169. doi:10.1590/2179-8966/2017/28186. ISSN 2179-8966.
- ^ "Índios, as maiores vítimas da ditadura - 31/03/2014 - Leão Serva - Colunistas - Folha de S.Paulo". m.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ "Massacre de índios pela ditadura militar". ISTOÉ Independente (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 April 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2020.