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The military history of the Mi'kmaq consisted primarily of Mi'kmaq warriors (smáknisk) who participated in wars against the English (the British after 1707) independently as well as in coordination with the Acadian militia and French royal forces.[a] The Mi'kmaq militias remained an effective force for over 75 years before the Halifax Treaties were signed (1760–1761). In the nineteenth century, the Mi'kmaq "boasted" that, in their contest with the British, the Mi'kmaq "killed more men than they lost".[8][9] In 1753, Charles Morris stated that the Mi'kmaq have the advantage of "no settlement or place of abode, but wandering from place to place in unknown and, therefore, inaccessible woods, is so great that it has hitherto rendered all attempts to surprise them ineffectual".[10] Leadership on both sides of the conflict employed standard colonial warfare, which included scalping non-combatants (e.g., families).[11] After some engagements against the British during the American Revolutionary War, the militias were dormant throughout the nineteenth century, while the Mi'kmaq people used diplomatic efforts to have the local authorities honour the treaties.[11] After confederation, Mi'kmaq warriors eventually joined Canada's war efforts in World War I and World War II. The most well-known colonial leaders of these militias were Chief (Sakamaw) Jean-Baptiste Cope and Chief Étienne Bâtard.
- ^ Parmenter, John; Robison, Mark Power (April 2007). "The Perils and Possibilities of Wartime Neutrality on the Edges of Empire: Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America, 1744–1760". Diplomatic History. 31 (2): 182. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00611.x.
- ^ Faragher (2005), pp. 35–48, 146–67, 179–81, 203, 271–77.
- ^ Paul, Daniel (1993). We Were not the Savages: Micmac Perspectives on the Collision of European and Aboriginal Civilizations (1st ed.). Nimbus. pp. 38–67, 86, 97–104. ISBN 978-1-5510-9056-6.
- ^ Plank (2001), pp. 23–39, 70–98, 111–114, 122–138.
- ^ Robison, Mark Power (2000). Maritime frontiers: The Evolution of Empire in Nova Scotia, 1713–1758 (Ph.D.). University of Colorado at Boulder. pp. 53–84.
- ^ Wicken, William (Autumn 1993). "26 August 1726: A Case Study in Miꞌkmaq-New England Relations in the Early 18th Century". Acadiensis. XXIII (1): 20–21.
- ^ Wicken, William (1998). "Re-examining Miꞌkmaq–Acadian Relations, 1635–1755". In Sylvie Depatie; Catherine Desbarats; Danielle Gauvreau; et al. (eds.). Vingt Ans Apres: Habitants et Marchands [Twenty Years After: Inhabitants and Merchants] (in French). McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 93–114. ISBN 978-0-7735-6702-3. JSTOR j.ctt812wj.
- ^ Elder, William (January 1871). "The Aborigines of Nova Scotia". North American Review. 112 (230): 441–445. JSTOR 25108587.
- ^ Rand, Silus Tertius (1850). A short statement of facts relating to the history, manners, customs, language and literature of the Micmac tribe of Indians in Nova-Scotia and P.E. Island. Halifax, Nova Scotia: James Bowes & Son. p. 8.
- ^ Judge Morris' account of the Acadians, drawn up in 1753, with causes of the failure of the British settlement in Nova Scotia. Vol. II. Halifax, Nova Scotia: The Morning Herald. 1881. p. 154.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b Reid, John G.; Baker, Emerson W. (2008). "Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal". Essays on Northeastern North America, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. University of Toronto Press. pp. 129–152. doi:10.3138/9781442688032. ISBN 978-0-8020-9137-6. JSTOR 10.3138/9781442688032.12.
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