Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia

Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) is a group of blood cancers (leukemia) which have combined features of myeloid and lymphoid cancers. It is a rare disease, constituting about 2–5% of all leukemia cases.[1] It mostly involve myeloid with either of T lymphocyte or B lymphocyte progenitors, but in rare cases all the three cell lineages.[2] Knowledge on the cause, clinical features and cellular mechanism is poor, making the treatment and management (prognosis) difficult.[3]

The name "mixed-phenotype acute leukemia" was adopted by the World Health Organization in 2008 to include leukemias of ambiguous lineage, acute undifferentiated leukemias and natural killer lymphoblastic leukemias.[4] According to WHO criteria, myeloid lineage is characterised by the presence of myeloperoxidase, while B and T lymphoid lineages are indicated by the expression of CD19 and cytoplasmic CD3.[5]

  1. ^ Weinberg, O K; Arber, D A (2010). "Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia: historical overview and a new definition". Leukemia. 24 (11): 1844–1851. doi:10.1038/leu.2010.202. PMID 20844566.
  2. ^ Kim, Hee-Je (2016). "Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) and beyond". Blood Research. 51 (4): 215–216. doi:10.5045/br.2016.51.4.215. PMC 5234227. PMID 28090479.
  3. ^ Cernan, Martin; Szotkowski, Tomas; Pikalova, Zuzana (2017). "Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia: state-of-the-art of the diagnosis, classification and treatment" (PDF). Biomedical Papers. 161 (3): 234–241. doi:10.5507/bp.2017.013. PMID 28422191.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Khan, M; Siddiqi, R; Naqvi, K (2018). "An update on classification, genetics, and clinical approach to mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL)". Annals of Hematology. 97 (6): 945–953. doi:10.1007/s00277-018-3297-6. PMID 29546454. S2CID 4967018.