Modu Chanyu

Modu
Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire
Reign209–174 BCE
PredecessorTouman
SuccessorLaoshang
Bornc. 234 BCE
modern-day Mongolia
Died174 BCE (age 59-60)
DynastyLuandi[1]
FatherTouman
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese冒頓單于
Simplified Chinese冒顿单于
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinMàodùn (Mòdú) Chányú
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese*mauH-tuǝnH
Sima Zhen's reading
Chinese墨頓
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinMòdùn
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese*mək-tuənH
Song Qi's reading
Chinese墨毒
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinMòdú
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese*mək-duok

Modu (c. 234 – c. 174 BCE) was the son of Touman and the founder of the empire of the Xiongnu. He came to power by ordering his men to kill his father in 209 BCE.[2][3]

Modu ruled from 209 BCE to 174 BCE. He was a military leader under his father Touman and later Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire, based on the Mongolian Plateau. He secured the throne and established a powerful Xiongnu Empire by successfully unifying the tribes of the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland in response to the loss of Xiongnu pasture lands to invading Qin forces commanded by Meng Tian in 215 BCE.

While Modu rode and then furthered the wave of militarization and effectively centralized Xiongnu power, the Qin quickly fell into disarray with the death of the first emperor in 210 BCE, leaving Modu a free hand to expand his Xiongnu Empire into one of the largest of his time.[4]

The eastern border stretched as far as the Liao River, the western borders of the empire reached the Pamir Mountains, whilst the northern border reached Lake Baikal. Modu's raids into China resulted in the dynasty agreeing to pay an annual tribute alongside other goods such as silk, grain and rice. Modu was succeeded by his son Laoshang.

  1. ^ Hanshu, "Account of the Xiongnu A" quote: "單于姓攣鞮氏"; tr: "The chanyu's surname is Luandi."
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cosmo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Barfield was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Nicola di Cosmo, Ancient China and its Enemies: the Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History (Cambridge UP, 2002), 174–76