| Mohammad Reza Shah محمدرضا شاه | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shah of Iran Light of the Aryans | |||||
 Official portrait, 1973 | |||||
| Shah of Iran | |||||
| Reign | 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 | ||||
| Coronation | 26 October 1967 | ||||
| Predecessor | Reza Shah | ||||
| Successor | Monarchy abolished Ruhollah Khomeini (as supreme leader) | ||||
| Born | 26 October 1919 Tehran, Persia | ||||
| Died | 27 July 1980 (aged 60) Cairo, Egypt | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue | |||||
| |||||
| Alma mater | |||||
| House | Pahlavi | ||||
| Father | Reza Shah | ||||
| Mother | Tadj ol-Molouk | ||||
| Religion | Twelver Shia Islam | ||||
| Signature |  Persian signature  Latin signature | ||||
| Military service | |||||
| Branch/service | Imperial Iranian Army | ||||
| Years of service | 1936-1941 | ||||
| Rank | Captain | ||||
| Commands | Army's Inspection Department | ||||
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi[a] (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), commonly referred to in the Western world as Mohammad Reza Shah,[b] or simply the Shah, was the last monarch of Iran (Persia). He began ruling the Imperial State of Iran after succeeding his father, Reza Shah, in 1941 and remained in power until he was overthrown by the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which abolished the country's monarchy and established the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 1967, he took up the title Shahanshah (lit. 'King of Kings'),[1] and also held several others, including Aryamehr (lit. 'Light of the Aryans') and Bozorg Arteshtaran (lit. 'Grand Army Commander'). He was the second and last ruling monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty to rule Iran. His dream of what he referred to as a "Great Civilization" (تمدن بزرگ) in Iran led to his leadership over rapid industrial and military modernization, as well as economic and social reforms.[2][3]
During World War II, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran forced the abdication of Pahlavi's father, Reza Shah, whom he succeeded. During Pahlavi's reign, the British-owned oil industry was nationalized by the prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, who had support from Iran's national parliament to do so; however, Mosaddegh was overthrown in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, which was carried out by the Iranian military under the aegis of the United Kingdom and the United States. Subsequently, the Iranian government centralized power under Pahlavi and brought foreign oil companies back into the country's industry through the Consortium Agreement of 1954.[4]
In 1963, Mohammad Reza introduced the White Revolution, a series of reforms aimed at transforming Iran into a global power and modernizing the nation by nationalizing key industries and redistributing land. The regime also implemented Iranian nationalist policies establishing Cyrus the Great, the Cyrus Cylinder, and the Tomb of Cyrus the Great as popular symbols of Iran. The Shah initiated major investments in infrastructure, subsidies and land grants for peasant populations, profit sharing for industrial workers, construction of nuclear facilities, nationalization of Iran's natural resources, and literacy programs which were considered some of the most effective in the world. Shah also instituted economic policy tariffs and preferential loans to Iranian businesses which sought to create an independent economy for the nation. Manufacturing of cars, appliances, and other goods in Iran increased substantially, creating a new industrialist class insulated from threats of foreign competition. By the 1970s, Shah was seen as a master statesman and used his growing power to pass the 1973 Sale and Purchase Agreement. These reforms culminated in decades of sustained economic growth that would make Iran one of the fastest-growing economies among both the developed world and the developing world. During his 37-year-long rule, Iran spent billions of dollars' worth on industry, education, health, and military spending and saw economic growth rates exceeding the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The Iranian national income rose 423 times over, and the country saw an unprecedented rise in per capita income—which reached the highest level of any point in Iran's history—and high levels of urbanization. By 1977, Mohammad Reza's focus on defense spending, which he saw as a means to end foreign powers' intervention in the country, had culminated in the Iranian military standing as the world's fifth-strongest armed force.[5]
As political unrest grew throughout Iran in the late 1970s,[6] Mohammad Reza's position in the country was made untenable by the Jaleh Square massacre, in which the Iranian military killed and wounded dozens of protesters in Tehran,[7] and the Cinema Rex fire, an arson attack in Abadan that was erroneously blamed on the Iranian intelligence agency SAVAK. The 1979 Guadeloupe Conference saw Mohammad Reza's Western allies state that there was no feasible way to save the Iranian monarchy from being overthrown. The Shah ultimately left Iran for exile on 17 January 1979.[8] Although he had told some Western contemporaries that he would rather leave the country than fire on his own people,[9] estimates for the total number of deaths during the Islamic Revolution range from 540 to 2,000 (figures of independent studies) to 60,000 (figures of the Islamic government).[10] After formally abolishing the Iranian monarchy, Muslim cleric Ruhollah Khomeini assumed leadership as the Supreme Leader of Iran. Mohammad Reza died in exile in Egypt, where he had been granted political asylum by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. Following his death, his son Reza Pahlavi declared himself as the new Shah of Iran in exile.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ D. N. MacKenzie. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. Routledge Curzon, 2005.
- ^ Gholami 2016, p. 80.
- ^ Alikarami, Leila (2018). Women and Equality in Iran: Law, Society and Activism. Bloomsbury. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-78831-887-7.
- ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 195 f. ISBN 0-471-26517-9.
- ^ Cooper 2016, p. 21, 22.
- ^ Razipour, Suzanne Maloney and Keian (24 January 2019). "The Iranian revolution—A timeline of events". Brookings. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ Staff, IFP Editorial (7 September 2016). "Iran's Black Friday: Massacre of Thousands in 1978". Iran Front Page. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ Kabalan 2020, p. 113.
- ^ Cooper 2016, p. 10, 36.
- ^ "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019.