The history of money in Kievan Rus' is divided into two main phases:
- the period of use of foreign silver coins (from the 9th century to the beginning of the 12th century); and
- the coinless period (from 12th century).[1]
- ^ Русские денежные системы IX—XV вв. // Древняя Русь. Город, замок, село. Наука. 1985.