Montanism

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Montanism (/ˈmɒntəˌnɪzəm/), known by its adherents as the New Revelation, was an early Christian movement of the late 2nd century, later referred to by the name of its founder, Montanus.^[1] Montanism held views about the basic tenets of Christian theology similar to those of the wider Christian Church, but it was labelled a heresy for its belief in new prophetic figures.^[2][3] The prophetic movement called for a reliance on the spontaneity of the Holy Spirit and a more conservative personal ethic.^[2]

Montanism originated in Phrygia, a province of Anatolia, and flourished throughout the region,^[2] leading to the movement being referred to elsewhere as Cataphrygian (meaning it was "from Phrygia") or simply as Phrygian.^[4] They were sometimes also called Pepuzians after the town of Pepuza, which they regarded as the new Jerusalem. Sometimes the Pepuzians were distinguished from other Montanists for despising those not living in the new Jerusalem.^[5] The Montanist movement spread rapidly to other regions in the Roman Empire before Christianity was generally tolerated or became legal following the Edict of Serdica in 311. It persisted in some isolated places into the 6th century.^[6]

The Montanists did not want to separate themselves from the wider Christian Church, and the Christian theologian Tertullian even recorded an event where a bishop almost declared Montanism as orthodox, however changing his mind later.^[7] Some contemporary Christian theologians have drawn parallels between Montanism and modern-day Protestant movements, such as the Charismatic movement, as well as Pentecostalism (including Oneness Pentecostals).^[8][9][10]