Montenegro

This article is about the country in Europe. For other uses, see Montenegro (disambiguation).
"Crna Gora" redirects here. For other uses, see Crna Gora (disambiguation).

Montenegro
Crna Gora,
Црна Гора (Montenegrin)
4 languages in official use[a]
Anthem: 
Oj, svijetla majska zoro
(English: "Oh, Bright Dawn of May")
Location of Montenegro (green) in Europe (dark grey)  –  [Legend]
Location of Montenegro (green)

in Europe (dark grey)  –  [Legend]

Capital
and largest city
Podgorica[2]
42°47′N 19°28′E / 42.783°N 19.467°E / 42.783; 19.467
Official languagesMontenegrin[3]
Languages in official use[1]
Ethnic groups
(2023)[4]
Religion
(2023)[4]
  • 20% Islam
  • 2.7% no religion
  • 0.3% others
  • 2.1% no answer
Demonym(s)Montenegrin
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic
• President
Jakov Milatović
Milojko Spajić
Andrija Mandić
LegislatureParliament
Establishment history
• Duklja
10th century
• Zeta
1356
1516
13 March 1852
13 July 1878
28 August 1910
26 November 1918
29 November 1945
27 April 1992
21 May 2006
Area
• Total
13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi) (156th)
• Water (%)
2.6
Population
• 2023 census
Neutral increase 623,633[5] (164th)
• Density
43.6/km2 (112.9/sq mi) (177th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $17.431 billion[6] (149th)
• Per capita
Increase $28,002[6] (63rd)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $7.058 billion[6] (153rd)
• Per capita
Increase $11,338[6] (73rd)
Gini (2020)Positive decrease 32.9[7]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.844[8]
very high (50th)
CurrencyEuro (€)a (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Calling code+382
ISO 3166 codeME
Internet TLD.me
  1. Adopted unilaterally; Montenegro is not a member of the Eurozone.

Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula.[9] Its 25 municipalities have a total population of 633,158 people in an area of 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi). It is bordered by Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, Croatia to the west, and has a coastline along the Adriatic Sea to the southwest.[10] The capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is the Old Royal Capital and cultural centre.

Before the arrival of the Slav peoples in the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries CE, the area now known as Montenegro was inhabited principally by people known as Illyrians. During the Early Medieval period, three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and Rascia proper, the north.[11][12][13] The Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries. From the late 14th century to the late 18th century, large parts of southern Montenegro were ruled by the Venetian Republic and incorporated into Venetian Albania.[14] The name Montenegro was first used to refer to the country in the late 15th century. After falling under Ottoman Empire rule, Montenegro gained semi-autonomy in 1696 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš, first as a theocracy and later as a secular principality. Montenegro's independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1910, the country became a kingdom. After World War I, the kingdom became part of Yugoslavia. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the republics of Serbia and Montenegro together proclaimed a federation. In June 2006 Montenegro declared its independence from Serbia and Montenegro following an independence referendum, creating Montenegro and Serbia as they exist today.[15] Montenegro is therefore one of the newest internationally recognised countries in the world.[16]

Montenegro has an upper-middle-income economy mostly service-based and is in late transition to a market economy.[17] It is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, and the Central European Free Trade Agreement.[18] Montenegro is also a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean,[19] and has been in the process of joining the European Union since 2012.[20]

  1. ^ a b "Language and alphabet Article 13". Constitution of Montenegro. WIPO. 19 October 2007. Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
  2. ^ Podgorica is the administrative capital while Cetinje is considered the old royal capital
  3. ^ "Language and alphabet Article 13". Constitution of Montenegro. WIPO. 19 October 2007. The official language in Montenegro shall be Montenegrin. Cyrillic and Latin alphabet shall be equal.
  4. ^ a b "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2023" (PDF). Monstat. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  5. ^ "Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT" (PDF).
  6. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Montenegro)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Eurostat". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  8. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Montenegro – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. 19 October 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  10. ^ "Montenegro – History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  11. ^ Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c. 1024 – c. 1198. Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–. ISBN 9780521414111.
  12. ^ Sedlar, Jean W. (2013). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. pp. 21–. ISBN 9780295800646.
  13. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine (1983). The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century. University of Michigan Press. p. 194. ISBN 9780472100255.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "Serbia ends union with Montenegro". The Irish Times. 5 June 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  16. ^ Taylor, Adam (14 September 2014). "The 9 newest countries in the world". Washington Post.
  17. ^ "Montenegro Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption". The Heritage Foundation. 9 March 2021. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  18. ^ "Membership of Montenegro in International Organisations". mvp.gov.me. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  19. ^ "Montenegro". European Western Balkans. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  20. ^ "European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations – European Commission". European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations – European Commission. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.


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