Muhammad | |
|---|---|
مُحَمَّد | |
 "Muhammad, the Messenger of God" inscribed on the gates of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina | |
| Personal | |
| Born | c. 570 CE (53 BH)[1] Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia |
| Died | 8 June 632 CE (11 AH; aged 61–62) |
| Resting place | Green Dome at the Prophet's Mosque, Medina, Arabia 24°28′03″N 39°36′41″E / 24.46750°N 39.61139°E |
| Spouse | see wives of Muhammad |
| Children | see children of Muhammad |
| Parents |
|
| Known for | Establishing Islam |
| Other names | Rasūl Allāh (lit. 'Messenger of God') see names and titles of Muhammad |
| Relatives | Ahl al-Bayt (lit. 'People of the House') see family tree of Muhammad |
| Arabic name | |
| Personal (Ism) | Muḥammad مُحَمَّد |
| Patronymic (Nasab) | Ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy ibn Kilāb ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب |
| Teknonymic (Kunya) | Abū al-Qāsim أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم |
| Epithet (Laqab) | Khātam al-Nabiyyīn خَاتَم ٱلنَّبِيِّين lit. 'Seal of the Prophets' |
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Muhammad[a] (/moʊˈhɑːməd/; Arabic: مُحَمَّد, romanized: Muḥammad, lit. 'praiseworthy'; [mʊˈħæm.mæd]; c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE)[b] was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.[c] According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.[2][3][4] He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets and last Ulu al-ʿAzm Prophet in Islam along with the Quran, his teachings and normative examples form the basis for Islamic religious belief.
Muhammad was born c. 570 CE in Mecca.[1] He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan.[5] He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib.[6] In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, c. 610, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave[1] and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613,[7] Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly,[8] proclaiming that 'God is One', that complete 'submission' (Islām) to God (Allāh) is the right way of life (dīn),[9] and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.[3][10][11]
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced persecution by Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.[12][13]
The revelations (waḥy) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses (āyah) of the Quran, upon which Islam is based, are regarded by Muslims as the verbatim word of God and his final revelation. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices, found in transmitted reports, known as hadith, and in his biography (sīrah), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law.
- ^ a b c Conrad 1987.
- ^ Welch, Moussalli & Newby 2009.
- ^ a b Esposito 2002, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Esposito 1998, pp. 9, 12.
- ^ Rodinson 2021, pp. 38, 41–43.
- ^ Watt 1974, p. 7.
- ^ Howarth, Stephen. Knights Templar. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8264-8034-7 p. 199.
- ^ Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments, pp. 26–27. UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 978-1-872531-65-6.
- ^ Ahmad 2009.
- ^ Peters 2003, p. 9.
- ^ Buhl & Welch 1993.
- ^ Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977, p. 57.
- ^ Lapidus 2002, pp. 31–32.
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