Multi-male group

Basic requirements of individual primates include obtaining food, avoiding predators, and reproducing. When these basic requirements are best pursued in the company of others, groups will form.[1] Multi-male groups, also known as multi-male/multi-female, are a type of social organization where the group contains more than one adult male, more than one adult female, and offspring. This structure is characterized by group living (as opposed to solitary), polygynandrous, and strong reproductive competition among males, which could result in an uneven division of male reproductive success (i.e. reproductive skew).[1][2][3] There are no stable heterosexual bonds as both males and females have a number of different mates.[4] Multi-male groups are common among semi-terrestrial primates, like savanna baboons, macques, colobus and some New World monkeys.

  1. ^ a b Schaik, C. P. Van; Hooff, J. a. R. a. M. Van (1983-01-01). "On the Ultimate Causes of Primate Social Systems". Behaviour. 85 (1–2): 91–117. doi:10.1163/156853983X00057. ISSN 0005-7959.
  2. ^ Port, Markus; Cant, Michael A. (2014-08-01). "Reproductive Competition Among Males in Multimale Groups of Primates: Modeling the Costs and Effectiveness of Conflict". International Journal of Primatology. 35 (3): 746–763. doi:10.1007/s10764-013-9744-2. ISSN 1573-8604. S2CID 15079054.
  3. ^ Dixson, Alan F. (2018). "Copulatory and Postcopulatory Sexual Selection in Primates". Folia Primatologica. 89 (3–4): 258–286. doi:10.1159/000488105. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 29804108. S2CID 44084714.
  4. ^ Srivastava, R. P. (2009). Morphology of the primates and human evolution. New Delhi: PHI Learning. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-81-203-3656-8. OCLC 423293609.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)