18°32′N 31°50′E / 18.53°N 31.84°E
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| npy Napata[1] in hieroglyphs | ||||||
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Napata /ˈnæpətə/[2] (Old Egyptian Npt, Npy; Meroitic Napa; Ancient Greek: Νάπατα[3] and Ναπάται[4]) was a city of ancient Kush at the fourth cataract of the Nile founded by the Egyptian Amun cult for Egyptian pilgrims given by its, as suggested, Egyptian name. It is located approximately 1.5 kilometers from the east side of the river at the site of modern Karima, Sudan.
Napata was the southernmost permanent settlement in the New Kingdom of Egypt (16th–11th centuries BC) and home to Jebel Barkal, the main Kushite cult centre of Amun. It was the sometime capital of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and, after its fall in 663 BC, of the Kingdom of Kush. In 593 BC, it was sacked by the Egyptians and the Kushite capital was relocated to Meroë. Even after this move, Napata continued to be the kingdom's primary religious centre.[5] The city was sacked a second time by the Romans in 23 BC but was rebuilt and continued as an important centre of the Amun cult.[6]
The terms "Napata" or "Napatan period" can also refer to the Kushite polity from its rise around 750 BC until 270 BC, when Napata finally lost its symbolic significance as the location of royal burials to Meroë. The subsequent period of Kushite history is called Meroitic down to the collapse of the kingdom.[7]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Gauthierwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Napata" in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2020).
- ^ Strabo, Geography, §17.1.54
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §N469.1
- ^ Kendall, Timothy (2016). A Visitor's Guide to The Jebel Barkal Temples. Khartoum. p. 7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Timothy Kendall (2001), "Napata", in Donald B. Redford, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press.
- ^ Richard A. Lobban, "Napata", Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia (Scarecrow, 2004), pp. 274–276.